copy and paste
Copy and paste (also copy and paste ; English copy and paste , copy & paste , copy 'n' paste , abbreviated C & P ) is a two-step principle the transmission of data between software applications.
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First, the data to be transferred are transferred from an application to a buffer memory ( English copy ). From there, they can then be read in again as often as required in the same or another application of the user ( English paste 'insert'), since the data is retained in the cache.
A special case of copy and paste the cut and paste ( English cut and paste ) or shifting ( English move ), in which the affected element is also deleted at the source after copying.
history
The clipboard was along with basic text searching and replacement functions in the 1970s by Larry Tesler at Xerox PARC for the Smalltalk-76 - programming environment implemented. Smalltalk-76 was developed in the years 1973–1976 and used a GUI with windows for the first time (see WIMP ).
The functionality became known through the operating systems of the Apple Lisa (1983) and the Apple Macintosh (1984). The function consists of simultaneously pressing the command key ( ⌘also known as the “apple key”) and another key, namely Xfor cut , Cfor copy and Vfor paste . These key combinations were later adopted by Microsoft for Windows and many other operating systems, with the control key being used here instead of the command key . In addition to keyboard commands, many operating systems also offer the option of calling them up via the menu or context menu .
The three clipboard functions cut, copy and paste represent a cultural technique today and the user is expected to have them. In the iOS operating system , this only came with version 3.0, because it was previously unclear how this could be displayed alternatively by gesturing on the touchscreen due to the lack of a physical keyboard, menu and context menu .
function
Copy and paste is used to duplicate certain parts of a file or to transfer text parts or complexly structured character strings (e.g. web links, number sequences, passwords) to other programs without errors and in a time-saving manner. In addition to simple unformatted text , more complex data structures such as formatted text, images, tables, etc. or any other object can be processed.
technology
As a temporary store the Internal system is used by many programs clipboard (Clipboard) used. In individual cases, applications such as Microsoft Office, since the Office 2007 version, have brought with them systems for reasons of convenience that allow the intermediate storage of more than one data record. This can be implemented internally in the program via a shared memory area on the free memory.
The function of the common file browsers has been expanded : In addition to text, you can also copy entire files, whereby the copying of files usually takes place in two steps so that the main memory is not overloaded when the files are too large: First, only the path (i.e. the location) of a file. The actual file and its contents are only copied or moved after the insertion. Data transfer between applications can be implemented under Windows using technologies such as OLE or DDE .
When moving files under Windows NT, XP and Server 2003 operating systems, note that NTFS file system permissions have also been adopted. As of Windows Vista (NT 6.0), this behavior is no longer given, but it can be installed with a Microsoft hotfix.
Copy & paste and drag & drop
If the same function is embedded and visualized in a graphical user interface , it is called drag and drop - but this term goes beyond mere copying and pasting of data records. In addition, the clipboard is not used with this variant.
handling
There are basically four types of handling (being left here to remember that the elements to be copied with both the keyboard and the mouse marks may be):
| Calculator type | cut out | Copy | Insert |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mouse (modern GUI ) |
Context menu : Usually a context menu with the corresponding functions appears by right-clicking after selecting it . Drag & Drop : By dragging selected objects (such as text, images, files, etc.) while holding down the / key.
CtrlStrg |
||
| Mouse (UNIX console) | Usually the text is automatically copied to the clipboard by simply selecting it. It is inserted at the cursor position by clicking the middle mouse button, or clicking both mouse buttons at the same time (when the middle button is emulated). | ||
| menu | Usually, the menu items Cut, Copy, Paste / Paste and Remove / Delete are located in the Edit menu of applications that allow editing of content. | ||
| Keyboard (Windows) * |
Strg+ X Umschalt+ Entf² |
Strg+ C Strg+Einfg |
Strg+ V Umschalt+Einfg |
| Keyboard (Mac) * | ⌘+X | ⌘+C | ⌘+V |
| Emacs (all operating systems) * | Strg+W | Alt+W | Strg+ Y, followed by Alt+ Yinstead inserts the penultimate, third from last, ..., previously copied or cut text passage; these are automatically saved in the kill ring . |
| Vi (all operating systems) * | d | y | p (each in command mode) |
| * After marking the text / file. ² Shift + Del cannot be used for file management, since this combination triggers the "Delete without recycle bin" function. | |||
manual
- First of all, the corresponding section is marked in the source document - in today's operating systems, for example, with the mouse.
- Then it is copied to the clipboard ("Copy"). The function can usually be selected from a menu ; Certain key combinations are also common: In Windows and Linux - desktop environments Strg + C, under macOS Command + C.
- If you want to delete the marked section from the original location at the same time, ie cut it out there, Windows systems and KDE offer the key combination Strg+ X, macOS Command+ X; alternatively there are corresponding menu entries.
- To insert ("Paste") place the cursor at the desired position of the target document and either select the menu item or press under Windows Strg+ V, under macOS Command+ V.
- In all the operating systems mentioned, the clipboard will still contain the same material; it can also be inserted several times in different places. Only the next copy or cut process will overwrite it there.
Paste server
In the Internet there are servers that provide publicly available clipboards provide ( pastebins ) . These are used, for example, to make longer text passages, configuration files, error logs or log files accessible without inserting them directly there.
Term “Copy & Waste” in programming circles
Due to the nature of copy and paste that only the information of the selected text is copied and not references to the outside, of programmers will copy and paste as Copy & Waste ( English for, copy and trash '), since redundant code that is worse to maintain than reused (i.e. only linked) code. Among other things, it is more difficult to correct program errors or to expand functionalities if the same program code to be changed has been inserted in different places - and possibly also slightly changed.
"Copy & Paste" and scientific text culture
The catchphrase copy & paste is used to criticize a text culture in which content is copied more or less indiscriminately and often in disregard of copyrights from the Internet, without attempting to present it on its own. This creates plagiarism ; this is seen as a threat to sound education and good scientific practice.
The term was often used in connection with the Guttenberg plagiarism affair (February and March 2011); This affair was followed by several more: the VroniPlag Wiki , founded in 2011, examined the dissertations of some other politicians and celebrities, whose dissertations were later also denied (see here ).
Web links
- Clipboard support in MFC applications
- X Selections, Cut Buffers, and Kill Rings. - very detailed article on Cut & Paste under X-Window (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Resume of Larry Tesler ( Memento of the original from February 27, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Richard Dale: Copy and paste behavior .
- ↑ Microsoft: Add "MoveSecurityAttributes" functionality exeunt omnes Windows Vista (NT 6.0) .
- ↑ Stefan Weber: The Google Copy-Paste Syndrome. How network plagiarism jeopardizes training and knowledge. Heise: Hannover / Heidelberg, 2007; 2nd, revised edition 2009, ISBN 3-936931-37-2 .
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