De triplici statu mundi

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The medieval tract De Triplici Statu Mundi (Latin: On the threefold state of the world ), ascribed to the Catalan theologian Francesc Eiximenis , deals with eschatology . The little work, written in Latin from 1378-1379 , was published by Albert Hauf in 1979.

content

The treatise divides human history into three sections, called "states", as follows:

First state

The first humans were evil and bellicose. Because of this, God sent them various punishments: the Flood , Egyptian slavery , Sodom and Gomorrah , the golden calf from Sinai , the killing of the Aaronic sons Nadab and Abihu for violating the sacrificial rules, punishing Korah for rioting and finally the destruction of Jerusalem during the time of Titus and Vespasian . The author regards the Jewish people as God's favored people during this period in world history.

Second state

During this age, too, God sent His punishments, though not as numerous as those of the first age. Rather, God had sent Bernard of Clairvaux , Francis of Assisi and Dominic to help the people here. At the end of this age, and perhaps before the end of this tract (fourteenth century), great hardships and catastrophes lay ahead, greater than those of the first age. Eventually the Antichrist would appear.

Eight characteristics of these times occurring here are listed. The eighth feature represents the division of the church during the occidental schism . The author defends the (Roman) Pope Urban VI. and criticizes the Avignon papacy . Some characteristics of the summoned Antichrist apply to the emperors Friedrich Barbarossa and Friedrich II . The tasks of this Antichrist were in medieval eschatological thinking a. a. the conquest of the Holy Land and the conversion of the unbelievers.

This Antichrist will be cruel and similar to the end-time Antichrist. As consolation, people are given some rules of conduct for this end time. According to Albert Hauf , they correspond to the Regulae pro tempore persecutionis (Latin: "Rules for the time of persecution") from the hand of another author, which are also mentioned in other books.

Third state

After the injustice caused by this Antichrist there will be general peace and a release from guilt of the priests. Only the good and chosen people would survive during this time. No information is given regarding the duration of this time. This state will end with the arrival of the end-time Antichrist, who will be killed and struck down by Christ . Then the Last Judgment will begin.

Influences

Hildegard von Bingen , Joachim von Fiore and the hermit of Lampedusa are expressly cited as sources .

A clear influence of Joachim von Fiore can be seen in the idea of ​​dividing world history into three ages. For the Abbot of Fiore, these three times corresponded to the three Persons of the Trinity . The first time corresponds to pre-Christian history. Back then, people were fearful and lived like slaves. During the second period people lived between blood and spirit, according to Joachim, this happened between the birth of Christ and the time around 1260. After this year people would “live spiritually”.

Influences from Arnau de Vilanova are also conceivable; at least the formulations in his Expositio super Apocalipsi (Latin: "Explanation of the Apocalypse ") are very similar to the expressions used in this treatise. Influences from Ubertinus de Casale and Petrus Johannis Olivi can also be seen.

Authorship debate

Numerous researchers attribute the authorship to Francesc Eiximenis: Martí de Barcelona , Tomás Carreras Artau , or more recently Josep Perarnau .

Albert Hauf was of this opinion, but had some doubts about Eiximenis' authorship when he published the treatise. Various Franciscans were also convinced of this: Atanasio López , Andreu Ivars , Josep Pou and Pere Sanahüja . The opinion of Pere Bohigas supports this view.

Digital editions

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Josep Perarnau i Espelt: Documents i precisions entorn Francesc Eiximenis (c 1330-1409.). In: Arxiu de textos catalans antics. I. 1982. pp. 191-215. ( PDF , Catalan)
  2. ↑ El "De Triplici Statu Mundi" by Fr. Francesc Eiximenis, OFM In: EUC , XXIII. 1979, pp. 265-283. (Latin, Catalan)
  3. ^ Antonio Crocco: Gioacchino da Fiore e il gioachinismo. Liguore Editore, Napoli 1976, pp. 76-6, 80-81. (Italian)
  4. ^ Expositio super apocalipsi . Cod. Vat. 5740. pp. 8, 9. Cited in: Josep Pou: Visionarios, beguinos y fraticelos catalanes (see XIII-XV). Reprinted by Diputació Provincial d'Alacant (Institut de Cultura Joan Gil-Albert), Alacant 1996, pp. 162-163. (Spanish)
  5. ^ Brines, Lluís : La Filosofia Social i Política de Francesc Eiximenis. Ed. Novaedició, Sevilla 2004, pp. 432-433. (Catalan)
  6. ^ Martí de Barcelona: Fra Francesc Eiximenis, OM (1340? –1409?). La seva vida. Els seus escrits. La seva personalitat literària. In: EF , XL. 1928. Reprinted in DA Studia Bibliographica. Collegi Universitari de Girona / Diputació de Girona, Girona 1991, p. 228. (Catalan)
  7. ^ Tomàs Carreras i Artau: Fray Francisco Eiximenis. Su significación religiosa, filosófico-moral, política y social. In: AIEG , I. 1946, p. 278. (Spanish)
  8. ^ Josep Perarnau: La traducció catalana medieval del Liber secretorum eventuum de Joan de Rocatalhada. Edició, estudi del text i apèndixs. In: Arxiu de textos catalans antics. XVII. 1998. pp. 7-219 ( online , PDF). (Catalan)
  9. ↑ Atanasio López: Codicografía catalana. In: Revista de estudios Franciscanos. V. IV. 1909. 21-24. (Spanish)
  10. ^ Andreu Ivars: Review of Martí de Barcelona. Fra Francesc Eiximenis, OM (1340? -1409?). EF , XL. 1928. 437-500. In: AIA , XXXII. 1929, pp. 276-278. (Spanish)
  11. ^ Josep Pou: Visionarios, beguinos y fraticelos catalanes (see XIII-XV). Reprinted in: Diputació Provincial d'Alacant (Institut de Cultura Joan Gil-Albert). Alacant 1996, p. 575. (Spanish)
  12. ↑ Pere Sanahüja: Historia de la Seráfica Provincia de Cataluña. Editorial Seráfica, Barcelona 1959, pp. 156–158. (Spanish)
  13. ↑ Pere Bohigas: Prediccions i profecies en les obres de fra Francesc Eiximenis. In: Aportació a l'estudi de la cultura catalana. PAM, Barcelona 1982, pp. 94-115 (110-115). (Catalan)