Joachim of Fiore

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Joachim von Fiore in a 14th century manuscript ( Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana )

Joachim of Fiore ( also: Joachim of Fiori, Gioacchino da Fiore, Joachim of Flore or Floris, de Flore, of Flora; * to 1130 / 1135 in Celico , Calabria , † 1202 in San Giovanni in Fiore ) was abbot and founder of the order in Calabria and worked as a theologian of history in the 12th century.

Life

Joachim von Fiore was born around 1130/35 as the son of a notary in Celico (Calabria). At first he worked at the request of his parents as a notary in Cosenza and in the chancellery at the royal court of William I in Palermo .

However, he soon left this to turn to a religious life. So he made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1166/67 and visited Jerusalem . After quarrels with his father about his further professional career, Joachim moved across the country as a preacher and hermit, first spending a while on the hill Guarassano near Cosenza and then near the Cistercian monastery Sambucina di Luzzi . In Rende he was ordained a priest by the Bishop of Catanzaro . Only now did he join a religious order: he entered the Corazzo monastery . After becoming prior , he retired to the monastery of SS. Trinità in Acri in Sambucina, and only at the request of ecclesiastical dignitaries did he return to Corazzo as abbot. He headed the monastery from 1171 to 1177 and introduced the Cistercian rule there. In 1183/84 he stayed in the Casamari monastery and began the Psalterium decem chordarum , which he finished in Petralata (Calabria) in 1187/88 . After he had already asked the Curia for permission to write about the revelation ( revelatio ) in 1183 , he received from Pope Clement III. 1188 permission to devote himself exclusively to his hermeneutical studies . For this purpose he withdrew to the Sila Mountains . The Cistercian General Chapter called him back to Corazzo in 1192. Instead, however, he founded a new monastery, San Giovanni in Fiore , which he also headed as abbot. On an Easter morning between 1190 and 1195 he received his decisive enlightenment while meditating on the St. John Apocalypse. The Florensian Order was founded around 1190 . Joachim von Fiore probably died in 1202 (less likely 1205) in San Giovanni in the Sila Mountains .

Teaching

Joachim von Fiore is particularly important because of his view of history and his exegetical method, in which he prefers the allegorical interpretations of the scriptures to the typological-historical. He interprets the historical course of the Old and New Testaments in a salvation-historical sense. The story is divided into three ages , which he connects with the Trinity : The time of the Father (Old Testament), the Son (begins with the New Testament and ends according to his prediction in 1260) and that of the Holy Spirit . This third, happy age will be enlightened by the intelligentia spiritualis and offer all the joys of the heavenly Jerusalem (Revelation 21). The last, the third age, is at the center of the Joachimitic view of history. This age is also called the Third Reich (see also Chiliasmus ). The third age is preceded by the arrival of the Antichrist , who is then defeated by a church personality. So some Joachimite identified Franciscans to Saint Francis because of its stigma as an age-Christ . His teaching is also referred to by the term "three-time teaching".

Joachim von Fiore accused Petrus Lombardus of having introduced the Trinity as a fourth collective unit and thus a quaternitas in addition to the Father, Son and Holy Spirit . This thesis of Joachim was condemned as heresy at the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, but the monastery founded by Joachim was defended. In 1254 some of his other doctrines were reviewed, but he was never personally condemned as a heretic by the Church , even if posthumous bible commentaries were supposed to damage his reputation. His teachings spread very quickly a few decades after his death. In addition to Joachimism , so-called pseudo- Joachimism was particularly influential. The Franciscan order in particular took up Joachimite ideas in the 13th century. After Joachim's death, the Joachimites developed more and more as a sect and the teachings of the group, which had developed primarily as a split off from the spiritual currents of the Franciscans, were officially condemned by Pope Alexander IV in 1256.

Act

His ideas were well received in the late 13th and 14th centuries and quickly spread. They also influenced Dante Alighieri , presumably through the spiritual currents of the Franciscans, who then also included Joachim von Fiore in his Divine Comedy . Just as he worked on the spiritual Franciscans, one can also see his influence on the Anabaptists of the Reformation period , e. We can see hope in Thomas Müntzer and finally also in Lessing's upbringing of the human race as well as in Hegel , Auguste Comte , Karl Marx and Ernst Bloch's principle . Ernst Jünger also refers in the last chapter of his work An der Zeitmauer (Urgrund and Person) to Joachim's doctrine of three times.

Joseph Ratzinger, Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI. , has been a leading Joachim specialist for decades. In his habilitation thesis from 1956, Die Geschichtstheologie des Sankt Bonaventure , (printed in 1959, reissued in 1993 and 2009), he dealt with the reception of Joachim's theology of history by Bonaventure . As Minister General of the Franciscan Order, he was confronted with disputes about the role that some members of the Order had assigned to St. Francis of Assisi in Joachim's teaching on the three ages. In the second edition of the Lexicon for Theology and Church , Ratzinger wrote the article "Joachim von Fiore" in 1960 and emphasized that Joachim was not anti-hierarchical, with Saint Benedict of Nursia , according to Joachim, the beginning of the spirit age.

The main works of Joachim von Fiore are Concordia novi et veteris Testamenti , Expositio in Apocalypsim , Psalterium decem chordarum , Tractatus super quatuor Evangelia , De articulis Fidei , Adversus Iudeos and the unfinished Vita S. Benedicti .

literature

  • Jendris Alwast:  Joachim von Fiore. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 3, Bautz, Herzberg 1992, ISBN 3-88309-035-2 , Sp. 115-117.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )
  • Wilhelm Baum : Joachim von Fiore and the coming realm of the spirit. In: Yearbook of the Oswald von Wolkenstein Society. 13, 2001/2002, pp. 77-97.
  • Ernst Bloch : On the original history of the Third Reich. In: Ernst Bloch: Inheritance of this time. Frankfurt am Main 1962, pp. 126-145.
  • Franz Förschner: Concordia, original figure and symbol in the historiography of Joachim von Fiore. 2. essential exp. Edition. Mönchengladbach 2011, ISBN 978-3-87448-352-0 .
  • Herbert Grundmann : On the biography of Joachim von Fiore and Rainer von Ponza. In: German Archive for Research into the Middle Ages. 16, 1960, pp. 437-546.
  • Karl Löwith : Chapter Joachim. In: Karl Löwith: World history and healing. All writings. Volume 2. Stuttgart 1983, pp. 158-172.
  • Henri de Lubac : Schleiermacher , Fichte , Hölderlin . Translator Alexander Düttmann. In: Typology. International contributions to poetics. Frankfurt am Main 1988, ISBN 3518114514 , pp. 338-356. First in Lubac: La postérité spirituelle de “Joachim de Flore”. Part 1: De Joachim à Schelling . Paris 1979, pp. 327–342 (important for the effect of the term “Third Reich” with German idealism as a bridge to use by the Nazis.).
  • Alexander Patschovsky (ed.): The imagery of Joachim's diagrams from Fiore. On the mediality of religious-political programs in the Middle Ages. Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2003.
  • Gian Luca Potestà: Il tempo dell'apocalisse. Vita di Gioacchino da Fiore. 2004.
  • Joseph Ratzinger : The understanding of revelation and the historical theology of Bonaventura . In: Joseph (Benedict XVI.) Ratzinger: Understanding of Revelation and theology of history of Bonaventura. Habilitation thesis and Bonaventure studies. In: Joseph Ratzinger Collected Writings . Vol. 2, Herder, Freiburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-451-30130-8 .
  • Marjorie Reeves: The Influence of Prophecy in the Later MA. A Study in Joachimism. 1969.
  • Marjorie Reeves: Joachim of Fiore & the prophetic future. A medieval study in historical thinking. Sutton, Stroud 1999.
  • Matthias Riedl: Joachim von Fiore. Thinker of perfect humanity. 2004, ISBN 3-8260-2697-7 .
  • Wolfgang G. Schöpf: "Fuit in Spiritu dominica die ...". About Jochim von Fiore, his time and his impact. In: Cistercian Chronicle. 114, 2007, pp. 47-60, 211-222.
  • Julia Eva Wannenmacher: Hermeneutics of the history of salvation: de septem Sigillis and the seven seals in the work of Joachim of Fiore. Brill, Leiden, Boston 2005, ISBN 90-04-13750-5 .

Web links

Commons : Joachim of Fiore  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ The Nazis of "revolted with the declaration of the Third Reich " to the eschatology of, - without the choice of terminology is exhausted herein. In addition, Italian fascism with the epochalization of modernity as “Terza Roma” (“Third Rome”) could have served as a model. Or perhaps the old empire (from Otto the Great ) and the second empire (from Bismarck) should be followed by the third empire.
personal data
SURNAME Joachim of Fiore
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Abbot and founder of the order in Calabria, theologian of history
DATE OF BIRTH around 1130
PLACE OF BIRTH Celico , Calabria
DATE OF DEATH 1202
Place of death San Giovanni in Fiore