Petrus Lombardus

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Petrus Lombardus

Petrus Lombardus ( Italian Pietro Lombardo , * around 1095/1100 in Lumellogno near Novara ; † July 20, 1160 ) was a scholastic theologian, head of the cathedral school of Notre Dame in Paris and towards the end of his life Bishop of Paris . After the title of his main work, the four books of sentences (memorable sayings, doctrines), he is also called Magister sententiarum .

Life

Petrus Lombardus came from the area of ​​Novara; a late reference by Paolo Giovio reveals its origins specifically from the Lumellogno area southwest of Novara. There is no definite evidence of his Lombard family or his education in Italy. It is believed, however, that he was of poor status, first attended the school of the canons of San Gaudenzio in Novara, to whom Lumellogno was taxable, and then studied in Bologna or Lucca, before going to France around 1133 on the recommendation of the Bishop of Lucca .

From a letter from Bernhard von Clairvaux ( Epist. 410) from 1134/1135 to Gilduin, abbot of the Augustinian Canons of Sankt-Viktor , it emerges that Peter had been asked by the Bishop of Lucca some time before for support for the duration a short study visit to France ( parvo tempore, quo moraretur in Francia causa studii ) was recommended to Bernhard, who then initially enabled him to study in Reims and now asked Hilduin to give the protégé, who was meanwhile in Paris, the same help for a short time, In particular , to provide food ( providere ei in cibo per breve tempus ).

In Paris, where Hugo von St. Viktor and Petrus Abelardus were the leading teachers at that time , he seems to have settled permanently and within about ten years gained a reputation as a well-known theologian, including as a canonicus teaching at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame to have acquired. Since 1145 he has been attested by documents from the Notre Dame Cathedral, from certifications in 1147 as subdeacon and 1156 as archdeacon it is clear that he received ordinations as deacon and priest in the time between these certifications . From Pope Eugene III. , a pupil of Bernhard, he was consulted on the occasion of a stay of the Pope in Paris in 1147 about the interpretation of Matthew 18 : 15-18 EU on the question of the duty of "fraternal correction" ( Correctio fraterna ). It is possible, although not proven, that he was also involved in the Pope's consistory at Easter 1147 , at which the doctrine of the Trinity was first examined by Gilbert von Poitiers . In any case, he was certainly involved in the proceedings against Gilbert in the following year after the Synod of Reims, since there he co-signed documents and the capitula of Bernhard's indictment against Gilbert.

Around 1154 Petrus Lombardus traveled to Rome, in 1159 he was elected Bishop of Paris and consecrated on June 29th, after apparently his predecessor and presumed pupil Philip, a son of Louis the Fat , renounced the office in his favor. From his subsequent one-year term of office, only a few official acts, each without any major historical significance, are known. Ricobaldus von Ferrara reports in his Pomarium (published 1297) another anecdote from this time, which later also about Benedict XI. and Sixtus V was told that a delegation from his hometown visited him in Paris, accompanied by his mother, who was festively dressed for the occasion, and that Lombardus only wanted to recognize his mother after she had put on the poor clothes of his origin.

Lombardus was buried in the choir of the former collegiate church of St. Marcel in the then Parisian suburb of Faubourg Saint-Marcel (today 13th arrondissement ). Until the church was demolished at the beginning of the 19th century, an inscription could be read on his tomb, which, later supplemented by the year 1164, based on a false statement by Alberich von Trois-Fontaines about the duration of his tenure, was the day of his death July 20th names:

Hic jacet Magister Petrus Lombardus Parisiensis episcopus, qui composuit librum Sententiarum, glossas Psalmorum, et Epistolarum, cujus obitus dies est XIII Kal.Augusti.
"Here rests Magister Petrus Lombardus, Bishop of Paris, author of the Book of Sentences and the Glosses to the Psalms and the (Pauline) Letters, whose death anniversary is the 13th day before the calendar of August."

plant

Sententiae , circa 1280, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana , Florence

The main work of Peter Lombard are his four books Sententiae ( PL 192, 521-962), the basis of carefully selected statements ( sentences ) of the Church Fathers and Doctors of the Church , a systematic exposition of the entire theology , centered around the main themes of theology and the Trinity (Book I) Creation, (also takes into account anthropology and doctrine of sin) (II), incarnation (Christology) (III) and sacraments (IV), try to give. A first, no longer preserved version was not made before 1142; the second, preserved, was completed in 1158. This work was the most momentous of its kind and earned the author the honorary title of 'Magister Sententiarum' in medieval teaching and citation.

Commenting on his Sententiae has been an integral part of the theological master’s degree since the 13th century. The important commentary on sentences by Albertus Magnus , Bonaventure , Thomas Aquinas , Wilhelm von Auxerre and Johannes Duns Scotus , which are among the most important testimonies of medieval theology, owe to this exercise . In addition to such comments, summaries were created for use outside the university, such as that of the first book by Jakob von Viterbo († around 1308), the Conclusiones in quatuor libros Sententiarum by Johannes de Fonte (13./14 Century), the Summa libri sententiarum of Dionysius of Florence († after 1443 ), which was created using these conclusions , or the unfinished Flosculus Rahewins of Freising († before 1177), which provided the material in the form of a didactic poem for the students of the Freising Cathedral School processed. The sentences also found material entry into the vernacular: A Central German translator of the 14th century who was not known by name translated the conclusions into Middle High German in order to facilitate access for theology students and prospective preachers, and on the basis of the first three books of the sentences, also with reference Other sources such as the Comendium theologicae veritatis by Hugo Ripelin of Strasbourg, an Alemannic anonymous also wrote an extensive Middle High German treatise on the love of God for nuns from an unknown monastery in the 14th century.

A Compendium Theologiae der Sentences was published in Nuremberg in 1515 by Burkhard von Horneck, a doctor, author of medical treatises and theologian, who among other things was the personal physician of the Würzburg prince-bishop and a city doctor in Constance.

Petrus Lombardus not only laid the foundation for the systematic theology of scholasticism with the sentences, but also wrote significant and influential Bible commentaries, in particular on the Psalms ( PL 191: 31-1296) and Paul ( PL 191, 1297-1696; PL 192,9-519), which were included as 'Magna Glossatura' in the standard gloss of the Middle Ages, the Glossa Ordinaria , and thus achieved quasi-canonical validity for the following centuries.

There are also some sermons preserved, some of which have been handed down under the name of Hildebert von Lavardin .

Fonts

Primary texts
  • Sententia (1150–1152) (lat.) In: docteurangelique.fr.
  • Petrus Lombardus in: Bibliotheca Augustana, Selected sections from: Magistri Petri Lombardi Sententiae in IV libris distinctae Spicilegium Bonaventurianum IV / V. Ed. Collegium S. Bonaventurae ad Claras Aquas, Roma 1971 (= Institut Docteur Angélique). Also linked to MPL 192, Col. 519-964 (Google).
  • Petrus Lombardus: Sententiae in: Documenta omnia catholica = MPL 192, Sp. 519-964.
  • Works Latin text and English translation a. a. of the first book of sentences.
Secondary literature

literature

Web links

Commons : Petrus Lombardus  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gundolf Keil : Burkhard von Horneck. In: Werner E. Gerabek et al. (Ed.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 222.
predecessor Office successor
Philip Bishop of Paris
1159–1160 		Maurice de Sully
personal data
SURNAME Petrus Lombardus
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Pietro Lombardo; Magister sententiarum
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Italian scholastic; Roman Catholic theologian; Bishop of Paris (1159–1160)
DATE OF BIRTH between 1095 and 1100
PLACE OF BIRTH Lumellogno near Novara
DATE OF DEATH July 20, 1160