Distichodontidae

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Distichodontidae
Zebra Geradsalmler (Distichodus sexfasciatus)

Zebra Geradsalmler ( Distichodus sexfasciatus )

Systematics
Cohort : Otomorpha
Sub-cohort : Ostariophysi
Otophysa
Order : Tetras (Characiformes)
Subordination : Straight tetra (Citharinoidei)
Family : Distichodontidae
Scientific name
Distichodontidae
Günther , 1864

The Distichodontidae are a family of the characiformes . All representatives of the group live in fresh waters of tropical Africa south of the Sahara, as well as in the Nile. The Distichodontidae used to be counted among the real straight tetras (Citharinidae), with which the Distichodontidae are still united today as a suborder Citharinoidei.

Features and way of life

The species of the Distichodontidae are very diverse in their outer shape, can be high back to elongated and have protruding (protractile) or non-protruding jaws. The largest species, Distichodus nefasch , is 83 centimeters long (smaller species such as the black neolebias ( Neolebias unifasciatus ) only reach 5 centimeters). They differ from other African tetras in their real comb scales , the teeth of which on the rear edge consist of rows of individual ossifications , and a few double-pointed teeth in each jaw.

The family was divided into two distinctly different subfamilies, the more or less high-backed Distichodontinae, which feed on small animals and plants, with non-protractile jaws and the Ichthyborinae, elongated predatory tetra with an upper jaw that can move towards the skull. The species of the genera Belonophago, Eugnathichthys, Ichthyborus and Phago feed mainly on the fins of other fish ( pterygophagy ) by biting off pieces - which actually turns them into their ectoparasites . Distichodus, Tylochromis , Alestes and Hydrocynus species are among the victims. Other types, such as B. Paraphago and Mesoborus , hunt small fish.

However, both subfamilies are not monophyletic and there are transitional forms, which is why they are no longer differentiated in the current literature.

Genera and species

There are 13-17 genera and over 100 species, depending on the view.

Internal system of the subordination Citharinoidei according to Arroyave et al. 2014 yellow, the fin-eating (pterygophage) genera.

  Citharinoids  

 Citharinidae


  Distichodontidae  

 Xenocharax


   

 Neolebias


   



 Monostitch mode


   

 Ichthyborus


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 Mesoborus


   


 Eugnathichthys


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 Phago intermedius


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 Microstomatichthyoborus



   

 Belonophago  &  Phago boulengeri


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 Hemigrammocharax & Nannocharax


   

 Paradistic mode


   

 Distich mode








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The study by Arroyave et al. (2014), several of the traditional genera are synonyms of other genera. In detail:

  • Congocharax , Dundocharax and Neolebias are synonyms of Nannaethiops .
  • Hemigrammocharax is a synonym of Nannocharax .

In standard lists such as the Catalog of Fishes or Fishbase , only the synonymy of Hemigrammocharax has so far been adopted.

This results in the following list of species:

Grauband distichodus ( Distichodus fasciolatus )
Distichodus maculatus

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Distichodus nefasch on Fishbase.org (English)
  2. ↑ Neolebias unifasciatus on Fishbase.org (English)
  3. ↑ Jairo Arroyave, John SS Denton, Melanie LJ Stiassny (2014): Are characiform Fishes Gondwanan in Origin? Insights from a Time-Scaled Molecular Phylogeny of the Citharinoidei (Ostariophysi: Characiformes). PLoS ONE , 8 (10): e77269. DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0077269
  4. ↑ Jairo Arroyave & Melanie LJ Stiassny. 2015. DNA Barcoding reveals Novel Insights into Pterygophagy and Prey Selection in Distichodontid Fishes (Characiformes: Distichodontidae). Ecology and Evolution. 4 (23); 4534-4542. DOI: 10.1002 / ece3.1321
  5. ↑ Fricke et al. :: Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References. Retrieved July 26, 2020 .

Web links

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