Distichodontidae
Distichodontidae | ||||||||||||
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Zebra Geradsalmler ( Distichodus sexfasciatus ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Distichodontidae | ||||||||||||
Günther , 1864 |
The Distichodontidae are a family of the characiformes . All representatives of the group live in fresh waters of tropical Africa south of the Sahara, as well as in the Nile. The Distichodontidae used to be counted among the real straight tetras (Citharinidae), with which the Distichodontidae are still united today as a suborder Citharinoidei.
Features and way of life
The species of the Distichodontidae are very diverse in their outer shape, can be high back to elongated and have protruding (protractile) or non-protruding jaws. The largest species, Distichodus nefasch , is 83 centimeters long (smaller species such as the black neolebias ( Neolebias unifasciatus ) only reach 5 centimeters). They differ from other African tetras in their real comb scales , the teeth of which on the rear edge consist of rows of individual ossifications , and a few double-pointed teeth in each jaw.
The family was divided into two distinctly different subfamilies, the more or less high-backed Distichodontinae, which feed on small animals and plants, with non-protractile jaws and the Ichthyborinae, elongated predatory tetra with an upper jaw that can move towards the skull. The species of the genera Belonophago, Eugnathichthys, Ichthyborus and Phago feed mainly on the fins of other fish ( pterygophagy ) by biting off pieces - which actually turns them into their ectoparasites . Distichodus, Tylochromis , Alestes and Hydrocynus species are among the victims. Other types, such as B. Paraphago and Mesoborus , hunt small fish.
However, both subfamilies are not monophyletic and there are transitional forms, which is why they are no longer differentiated in the current literature.
Genera and species
There are 13-17 genera and over 100 species, depending on the view.
Internal system of the subordination Citharinoidei according to Arroyave et al. 2014 yellow, the fin-eating (pterygophage) genera.
Citharinoids |
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The study by Arroyave et al. (2014), several of the traditional genera are synonyms of other genera. In detail:
- Congocharax , Dundocharax and Neolebias are synonyms of Nannaethiops .
- Hemigrammocharax is a synonym of Nannocharax .
In standard lists such as the Catalog of Fishes or Fishbase , only the synonymy of Hemigrammocharax has so far been adopted.
This results in the following list of species:
- Genus Belonophago Giltay, 1929
- Belonophago hutsebouti Giltay, 1929
- Needle fin eater ( Belonophago tinanti ) Poll, 1939
- Genus Congocharax Matthes, 1964
- Congocharax olbrechtsi (Poll, 1954)
- Congocharax spilotaenia (Boulenger, 1912)
- Genus Distichodus Müller & Troschel, 1844
- Redfin Distichodus ( Distichodus affinis ) Günther, 1873
- Distichodus altus Boulenger, 1899
- Distichodus antonii Schilthuis, 1891
- Distichodus atroventralis Boulenger, 1898
- Distichodus brevipinnis Günther, 1864
- Dwarf distichodus ( Distichodus decemmaculatus ) Pellegrin, 1926
- Distichodus engycephalus Günther, 1864
- Gray-banded distichodus ( Distichodus fasciolatus ) Boulenger, 1898
- Distichodus hypostomatus Pellegrin, 1900
- Distichodus ingae Moelants et al., 2018
- Distichodus kasaiensis Vrewen et al., 2018
- Distichodus kolleri Holly, 1926
- Distichodus langi Nichols & Griscom , 1917
- Distichodus lusosso Schilthuis, 1891
- Distichodus maculatus Boulenger, 1898
- Distichodus mossambicus Peters, 1852
- Distichodus nefasch (Bonnaterre, 1788)
- Distichodus noboli Boulenger, 1899
- Äschengeradsalmler ( Distichodus notospilus ) Günther, 1867
- Distichodus petersii pepper, 1896
- Distichodus polli Abwe et al., 2019
- Distichodus rostratus Günther, 1864
- Distichodus rufigiensis Norman, 1922
- Distichodus schenga Peters, 1852
- Zebra straight tetra ( D. sexfasciatus ) Boulenger, 1897
- Distichodus teugelsi Mamonekene et al., 2008
- Genus Dundocharax Poll, 1967
- Dundocharax bidentatus Poll, 1967
- Genus Eugnathichthys Boulenger, 1898
- Eugnathichthys eetveldii Boulenger, 1898
- Eugnathichthys macroterolepis Boulenger, 1899
- Eugnathichthys virgatus Stiassny et al., 2013
- Genus Ichthyborus Günther, 1864
- Ichthyborus besse (Joannis, 1835)
- Ichthyborus monodi (Pellegrin, 1927)
- Marked fin eater ( Ichthyborus ornatus ) (Boulenger, 1899) , ( syn.Phagoborus ornatus )
- Scissor- tailed beak tetra ( Ichthyborus quadrilineatus ) (Pellegrin, 1904)
- Genus Mesoborus Pellegrin, 1900
- Mesoborus crocodilus Pellegrin, 1900
- Genus Microstomatichthyoborus Nichols & Griscom, 1917
- Microstomatichthyoborus bashforddeani Nichols & Griscom, 1917
- Microstomatichthyoborus katangae David & Poll, 1937
- Genus Monostichodus Vaillant, 1886 , ( syn.Hemistichodus Pellegrin, 1900 )
- Monostichodus lootensii ( (Poll et al., 1968) )
- Monostichodus mesmaekersi ( Poll, 1959 )
- Monostichodus elongatus Vaillant, 1886 , (syn.Hemistichodus vaillanti)
- Genus Nannaethiops Günther, 1872
- Nannaethiops bleheri Géry & Zarske 2003
- African single-stripe tetra ( N. unitaeniatus ) Günther, 1872 ,
- Genus Nannocharax Günther, 1867 (syn. Hemigrammocharax Pellegrin, 1923)
- Nannocharax altus Pellegrin, 1930
- Nannocharax angolensis ( Poll, 1967)
- Nannocharax ansorgii Boulenger, 1911
- Small ground tetra ( Nannocharax brevis ) Boulenger, 1902
- Nannocharax dageti Jerep et al., 2014
- Nannocharax elongatus Boulenger, 1900
- African ground tetra ( Nannocharax fasciatus ) Günther, 1867
- Nannocharax fasciolaris Nichols & Boulton, 1927
- Nannocharax gracilis Poll, 1939
- Nannocharax hastatus Jerep & Vari, 2014
- Nannocharax hollyi Fowler, 1936
- Nannocharax intermedius Boulenger, 1903
- African broadband tetra ( Nannocharax latifasciatus ) Coenen & Teugels, 1989
- Nannocharax lineomaculatus Blache & Milton, 1960
- Nannocharax lineostriatus ( Poll, 1967)
- Nannocharax luapulae Boulenger, 1915
- Nannocharax machadoi ( Poll, 1967)
- Nannocharax macropterus Pellegrin, 1926
- Nannocharax maculicauda Vari & Géry, 1981
- Nannocharax micros Fowler, 1936
- Nannocharax minutus Worthington, 1933
- Nannocharax monardi ( Pellegrin, 1936)
- Nannocharax multifasciatus Boulenger, 1923
- Nannocharax niloticus niloticus (Joannis, 1835)
- Nannocharax niloticus tchadensis Blache & Milton, 1961
- Nannocharax occidentalis Daget, 1959
- Nannocharax ocellicauda Boulenger, 1907
- Nannocharax ogoensis Pellegrin, 1911
- Broad-spectrum ground tetra ( Nannocharax parvus ) Pellegrin, 1906
- Back gammon tetras ( Nannocharax procatopus ) Boulenger, 1920
- Nannocharax pteron Fowler, 1936
- Nannocharax reidi Vari & Ferraris, 2004
- Nannocharax rubensteini ( Jerep & Vari, 2013)
- Nannocharax rubrolabiatus Van Den Bergh, Teugels, Coenen & Ollievier, 1995
- Nannocharax schoutedeni PollL, 1939
- Seybold's Bodensalmler ( Nannocharax seyboldi ) Schultz, 1942
- Nannocharax signifer Moritz, 2010
- Nannocharax taenia Boulenger, 1902
- Nannocharax uniocellatus (Pellegrin, 1926)
- Nannocharax usongo Dunz & Schliewen, 2009
- Nannocharax wittei ( Poll, 1933)
- Nannocharax zebra Dunz & Schliewen, 2009
- Genus Neolebias Steindachner, 1894
- Ansorges tetra ( Neolebias ansorgii) Boulenger, 1912
- Neolebias axelrodi Poll & Gosse, 1963
- Neolebias gossei (Poll & Lambert, 1964)
- Neolebias gracilis Matthes, 1964
- Neolebias kerguennae Daget, 1980
- Neolebias lozii Winemiller & Kelso-Winemiller, 1993
- Neolebias philippei Poll & Gosse, 1963
- Domino neolebias ( Neolebias powelli ) Teugels & Roberts, 1990
- Neolebias trewavasae Poll & Gosse, 1963
- African three- striped tetra ( Neolebias trilineatus) Boulenger, 1899
- Black Neolebias ( Neolebias unifasciatus ) Steindachner, 1894
- Genus Paradistichodus Pellegrin, 1922
- Paradistichodus dimidiatus (Pellegrin, 1904)
- Genus Paraphago Boulenger, 1899
- Paraphago rostratus Boulenger, 1899
- Genus Phago Günther, 1865
- Phago boulengeri Schilthuis, 1891
- Phago intermedius Boulenger, 1899
- Armored beaked tetra ( Phago loricatus ) Günther, 1865
- Genus Xenocharax Günther, 1867
- Xenocharax crassus Pellegrin, 1900
- Xenocharax spilurus Günther, 1867
literature
- Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World . John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7 .
- Günther Sterba : The world's freshwater fish. 2nd Edition. Urania, Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-332-00109-4 .
- Melanie Stiassny, Guy Teugels & Carl D. Hopkins: The Fresh and Brackish Water Fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa, Volume 1 , ISBN 978-9074752206 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Distichodus nefasch on Fishbase.org (English)
- ↑ Neolebias unifasciatus on Fishbase.org (English)
- ↑ Jairo Arroyave, John SS Denton, Melanie LJ Stiassny (2014): Are characiform Fishes Gondwanan in Origin? Insights from a Time-Scaled Molecular Phylogeny of the Citharinoidei (Ostariophysi: Characiformes). PLoS ONE , 8 (10): e77269. DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0077269
- ↑ Jairo Arroyave & Melanie LJ Stiassny. 2015. DNA Barcoding reveals Novel Insights into Pterygophagy and Prey Selection in Distichodontid Fishes (Characiformes: Distichodontidae). Ecology and Evolution. 4 (23); 4534-4542. DOI: 10.1002 / ece3.1321
- ↑ Fricke et al. :: Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References. Retrieved July 26, 2020 .
Web links
- Distichodontidae on Fishbase.org (English)