Dorian Shainin

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Dorian Shainin

Dorian Shainin (born September 26, 1914 in San Francisco , † January 7, 2000 in Manchester , Connecticut ) was the founder of the Shainin theory.

Dorian Shainin was a consultant, engineer, author, college professor, and pioneer of a new paradigm of quality.

In addition to his contributions to problem solving in the industrial sector as well as in the areas of product reliability and quality technology, he became known above all for the invention and development of the "Red X" concept. As the founder of the globally active consulting organization named after him, Shainin (pronounced SHAY-nin) has developed more than 20 methods of statistical test planning, which today form the core of the "Shainin system" for improving quality and reliability. Dorian Shainin has spent his entire life improving the quality and reliability of products as diverse as paper, printing machines, textiles, rubber, atomic energy, aircraft, cars, cassette devices, spaceships, light bulbs and disposable diapers and has worked for clients from over 200 different industries advising. The more than 800 companies advised - including 43 Fortune 100 companies - include the US Department of Defense, Rolls Royce Ltd., Exxon, Polaroid, Hewlett-Packard, AT&T and Ford Motor.

youth

Dorian Shainin was born on September 26, 1914 in San Francisco and grew up in San Francisco, Shanghai and New York. He attended Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn, New York.

Early career years

After graduating from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with a degree in aeronautical engineering, Shainin began his professional career as a design engineer with the Hamilton Standard Division of United Aircraft Corporation (now United Technologies Corporation). From 1939 Shainin supported new licensees of Hamilton Standard in solving problems against the background of the growing war effort of the US industry as coordinator. At the end of the war, Shainin was responsible for the entire quality and reliability area at Hamilton Standard, after making a name for himself nationwide with the invention of the Hamilton Standard Lot Plot.

Lot plot

Lot Plot is a statistical acceptance control method developed by Dorian Shainin in the 1940s, which uses graphical analysis of variable sample data to decide whether a production lot consisting of possibly defective parts should be accepted or rejected for full inspection. The quality control cards developed by Walter A. Shewhart had paved the way for statistical methods in production and demonstrated the effectiveness of graphic display and analysis. Shainin built these concepts into the solder plot method he developed and was able to prove to the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics in 1946 that the solder plot was more effective than a full test. As a result, the Navy raised the plumb-plot method to the norm and became more and more popular in numerous other industries. On the advice of his friend and mentor Joseph M. Juran, Shainin turned to consulting and began in 1952 as Senior Vice President at Rath & Strong, Inc., a consultancy in Lexington, Massachusetts.

Red X and Pareto

The “Red X” concept developed by Shainin goes back to his connection with Joseph Juran, who in the 1940s coined the principle of the few important and the many insignificant influencing variables (“the vital few and trivial many”). This theory, also known as the “ Pareto Principle ”, carried over the phenomenon observed by Vilfredo Pareto regarding wealth distribution to the unequal impact of problems on business performance. Following Juran, “I observed (like many others before me) that quality defects occur with unequal frequency, i. H. if you categorize a large number of defects according to their frequency of occurrence, you will find that the majority of the defects can be traced back to a relatively small number of individual defects. ”In the 1950s, Shainin recognized that the Pareto principle can also be used to solve deviation problems suited. Shainin concluded that among the thousands of variables that can produce a change in the value of an output, one cause and effect relationship must be stronger than any other. Shainin called this main cause the "Big Red X" and demonstrated that the cause can occur as an interaction between independent variables. By increasing the effectiveness of the Red X using the "root of the sum of the squares" method, one isolates the root cause. Shainin found that statistical methods were cheaper and easier to use than Taguchi methods. To identify the “Red X”, Shainin swapped parts in pairs between faultless and faulty machines until the individual part responsible for the fault was found. Shainin claimed that with this approach he could often isolate the faulty primary in less than a dozen steps. This “speaking to the parts” fundamentally differentiated Shainin's methods from those of Taguchi. In the classic test planning (DOE = Design of Experiments) according to Taguchi, engineers form hypotheses about possible problem causes. This theoretical step is preceded by Shainin's methods with practical cause diagnosis using at least one of four test techniques that help identify the root cause or the “Red X” through empirical testing of the parts in question. In the 1940s, Leonard Seder, a friend and fellow student of Shainin at MIT, developed the Multi-Vari-Chart, a graphical method for analyzing variance. Shainin soon adopted this method, recognizing the potential of multi-vari charts for quickly isolating the root cause of a problem. Shainin was also significantly influenced by the multi-vari charts when developing the Red-X concept.

Influences

Statisticians and mathematicians who influenced Shainin's thinking included Ronald Fisher, John Tukey, and Waloddi Weibull. With Shainin's convergence techniques, the Red-X possibilities can be reduced to a few. With the help of Ronald Fisher's statistically planned experiments, the Red X is then isolated, revealing potential interactions and confirming the identity of the Red X with statistical certainty. John Tukey, an advocate of simple statistical techniques, thanked Shainin for further suggestions. Building on Tukey's work, Shainin developed what has become known as the "Six Pack Test", a simple confirmation test. The non-parametric and rule-based six pack tests are much simpler than t-tests. From this Shainin developed the ANOVA analysis of variance, which allowed the nonparametric analysis of Fisher's full factorial experiments. As fascinated as he was by Seder's Multi-Vari-Charts, Shainin was equally fascinated by Waloddi Weibull's now famous constant probability distribution. Weibull's distribution, along with Shainin's experience at Hamilton Standard, laid the foundation for Shainin's later system of product reliability. This system was used both in the development of Grumman's lunar module and in the production of General Motors' first anti-lock braking system (ABS).

NASA / Apollo 13

In the 1960s, Shainin worked for Grumman Aerospace as a reliability consultant for NASA's Apollo lunar module. To ensure a statistical margin of safety, Shainin developed a completely new approach to reliability assessment that was used in the empirical testing of the components and systems of the Grumman lunar shuttle prototype. Shainin's method of reliability testing was one of the driving forces behind Grumman's bid to build the lunar module. The effectiveness of the method has been proven by eleven undisturbed manned missions, six of which involved a moon landing. When a serious technical defect occurred in the supply module of the command capsule during the failed Apollo 13 mission, the astronauts escaped to the lunar module, which brought them safely into lunar orbit and back to Earth. During his years as a reliability consultant for Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, Shainin worked on the development of the oxygen-hydrogen fuel cell, which, in addition to the RL-10 cryogenic liquid engine, was used to power the Apollo life support systems. The RL-10 was soon recognized as America's most reliable spaceship engine, having performed 128 trouble-free ignitions in a row in space.

more comments

Shainin served as a statistical advisor to the medical staff at Newington Children's Hospital in Connecticut for 38 years. In doing so, Shainin succeeded in using his methods for problem solving in connection with the etiology of ailments, especially in disabled children. From 1950 to 1983 Shainin taught at the University of Connecticut, where he initiated and supervised the continuing education program for industrial employees. Shainin refined his problem prevention methodology further by helping to develop the Detroit Diesel Series 60 engine. Shainin's "Overstress Probe Testing" techniques revealed design weaknesses of the engine early on, so that appropriate improvements could be made before the design work actually started. In the 1980s, with Shainin's help, Bob Galvin managed to improve Motorola quality to the point that the company received the first Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award in 1989. As a longtime member of the editorial and technical advisory board of the American Broadcasting Company published magazine "Quality", Shainin was finally appointed to the editorial board of "Quality Engineering", the magazine of the American Society for Quality (ASQ). Shainin is the author and co-author of eight books, including "Managing Manpower in the Industrial Environment" (Wm. C. Brown Co.), "Tool Engineers Handbook" (McGraw-Hill), "Industrial Engineering Handbook" (McGraw-Hill), Quality Control Handbook (McGraw-Hill), New Decision-Making Tools for Managers (Harvard University Press), Manufacturing, Planning, and Estimating Handbook (McGraw-Hill), and Statistics In Action.

Awards and honors

As a member of the American Society for Quality, Shainin received the ASQ's annual Brumbaugh Award in 1952 for his publication “The Lot Plot Plan”. Also from ASQ, Shainin received the Edwards Medal in 1970 for “Best Contribution to Quality Management” and in 1982 the Eugene L. Grant Award for his educational programs. Finally, being honored with the Shewart Medal made Shainin the first winner of all four renowned ASQ prizes. The Institute of Management Consultants named Shainin a Certified Management Consultant and the American Arbitration Association appointed him to the Panel of Arbitrators. In addition, Shainin was elected "Academician" by the International Academy for Quality and in 1996 was made its 15th honorary member by ASQ. Finally, in 2004, ASQ launched the Dorian Shainin Medal as a posthumous honor.

Quotes

“My particular method is to tell people, 'Let's stop guessing and instead look for influencing factors - they provide more knowledge than other sources.'” - Dorian Shainin

“Talk to the parts; they are smarter than the engineers. ”- Dorian Shainin

Highlights in developing the Shainin methodology

  • 1946 Lot Plot (Shainin)
  • 1948 Reliability Service Monitoring (Shainin)
  • 1952 Precontrol (Shainin / Purcell / Carter / Satterthwaite)
  • 1956 Component Search (Shainin)
  • around 1958 Operation Search (Shainin)
  • 1960 Tolerance Parallelogram (Shainin)
  • 1964 Overstress Testing (Shainin)
  • 1968 B vs C (Shainin)
  • 1971 Paired Comparisons (Shainin)
  • 1972 Isoplot (Shainin / Pollard)
  • 1973 Variable Search (Shainin)
  • 1976 Randomized Sequencing (Shainin)
  • around 1976 Resistant Limit Transform (Shainin)
  • 1977 Rank Order ANOVA (Shainin)
  • 1988 Shainin System for Quality Improvement (Shainin)

bibliography

Books

  • Acheson, J. Duncan, Quality Control and Industrial Statistics, 5th ed., Homewood, Ill., Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1986.
  • American men & women of science: physical and biological sciences, Bowker, 1986, p. 643, ISBN 0835222284
  • American Society of Tool Manufacturing Engineers / Shainin, Dorian (contributor), Tool Engineers Handbook, McGraw-Hill, 1949.
  • American Statistical Association (ASA), Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, 1954, p. 341
  • Bhote, Keki, The Power of Ultimate Six SIGMA, Amacom, New York, 2003, p. 15, ISBN 0814407595
  • Bhote, Keki, The Ultimate Six Sigma: Beyond Quality Excellence to Total Business, Amacom, New York, 2001, p. 176, ISBN 0814406777
  • Bhote, Keki, World Class Quality: Using Design of Experiments to Make It Happen, 2nd edition, 2000, Amacom, New York, pp. 79-82, 94-99 ISBN 0814404278
  • Bursk, John F. and Chapman, Edward C., New Decision-Making Tools for Managers; Mathematical Programming as an Aid in the Solving of Business Problems, Harvard University Press, 1968.
  • Carter, ADS, Mechanical Reliability, Wiley, 1986, pp. 156-157, ISBN 0470206942 Cowden, Dudley Johnstone, Statistical Methods in Quality Control, Prentice-Hall, 1957, pp. 621-624 Debing, Lawrence M., Quality Control for Plastics Engineers, Reinhold Publishing Co., 1957.
  • Grant, Eugene Lodewick, Leavenworth, Richard S., Statistical Quality Control, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1988, pp. 444, 574-575, ISBN 0070241171
  • Ingle, Sud, In Search of Perfection: How to Create / Maintain / Improve Quality, Prentice-Hall, 1985, p. 47, ISBN 0134675568
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE transactions on industry and general applications, IEEE, 1965, p. 87
  • IPC Business Press, Quality Today: Measurement & Inspection Technology, IPC Industrial Press, 1994, p. 25th
  • Juran, JM, Editor, Quality Control Handbook, First Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1951, pp. 37-41.
  • Rath & Strong, Rath & Strong's Six Sigma Leadership Handbook, Wiley, 1st edition, 2003, p. 2., ISBN 0471251240
  • Rath & Strong, Rath & Strong's Six Sigma Pocket Guide: New Revised Edition, Rath & Strong, Incorporated, Aon Consulting, 2006, p. 10, ISBN 0974632872
  • Shainin, Dorian, Reliability: Managing a reliability program. "Apollo lunar module engine exhaust products." Science 166, 1969, pp. 733-38.
  • Shainin, Dorian (contributing editor), Manufacturing, Planning, and Estimating Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1963, ISBN 0070015368
  • Shainin, Dorian, Shainin, Pete, "Better Than Taguchi Orthogonal Tables," Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 1988, p. 4th
  • Shainin, Dorian, Shainin, Pete, "Pre-control Versus X&R Charting: Continuous or Immediate Quality Improvement ?," Quality Engineering, 1989, p. 419-429.
  • Shainin, Dorian, Shainin, Pete, "Statistical Process Control," in Quality Control Handbook, ed. JM Juran and FM Gryna, McGraw-Hill, 1988, section 24.
  • Sleeper, Andrew D., Design for Six Sigma Statistics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 2005, p. 79, ISBN 0071451625
  • Stamatis, DH, TQM Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, 1997, pp. 240-241 ISBN 082470083X
  • Stephens, Kenneth S., Juran, Quality, and a Century of Improvement, American Society for Quality, 2004, p. 188, ISBN 0873896351
  • Toedt, Theodore A. and Shainin, Dorian (contributing editor), Managing Manpower in the Industrial Environment, WC Brown Co., 1962.

Internet

  • ASQ, December 18, 2007, “Dorian Shainin: A professional approach to problem solving”
  • Automotive Design & Production, January 1, 2006, “Detective Work”
  • Elsmar Cove Quality Assurance and Business Standards, "Dorian Shainin"
  • Juran, JM, "The Non-Pareto Principle; Mea Culpa"
  • Moran, Tim, Automotive News, August 4, 2003, “MANUFACTURING: The man who talked to the parts” Rath & Strong Management Consultants, from In This Issue, 1957 Harvard Business Review, “Dorian Shainin”
  • Regulatory Compliance Services, "Dorian Shainin"
  • Vinas, Tonya, Industry Week, November 1, 2003 “Best Practices - The Hunt For Red X”

Magazines

  • ASQ, Spring, 2000, "Shainin Stamp of Quality," p. 9.
  • Main, Jeremy, Langan, Patricia A., Aug. 18, 1986, "Under the Spell of the Quality Gurus," Fortune Magazine, pp. 22-23.
  • Logothetis, N., 1990, "A Perspective on Shainin's Approach to Experimental Design for Quality Improvement," Quality and Reliability Engineering International, p. 6, 195-202.
  • Priddle, Alisa, 2003, "Dean of Lean Chrysler's LaSorda starts to leave his mark," WARD'S AutoWorld, May 2003, pp.32-34.
  • Quality, September, 1982, "A talk with Dorian", pp. 15-18.
  • Schultz, William, 1992, "Statistical Engineering", Quality, August, 1992, p. 18th

Other sources

Shainin, Dorian, Shainin, Pete, "Analysis of Experiments," 45th Annual Quality Congress Proceedings, ASQC, 1990, p. 1071-1077.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ingle, Sud, In Search of Perfection: How to Create / maintain / improve Quality, Prentice-Hall, 1985, p. 47, ISBN 0134675568
  2. ^ IPC Business Press, Quality Today: Measurement & Inspection Technology, IPC Industrial Press, 1994, p. 25th
  3. ↑ Rath & Strong Management Consultants, from In This Issue, 1957 Harvard Business Review, "Dorian Shainin"
  4. ↑ Bhote, Keki, The Power of Ultimate Six SIGMA, Amacom, New York, 2003, p. 15, ISBN 0814407595
  5. ↑ American men & women of science: physical and biological sciences, Bowker, 1986, p. 643, ISBN 0835222284
  6. ^ ASQ, December 18, 2007, "Dorian Shainin: A professional approach to problem solving"
  7. ↑ Grant, Eugene Lodewick, Statistical Quality Control, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1964, p. 444
  8. ^ Johnstone, Dudley, Statistical Methods in Quality Control, Prentice-Hall, 1957, pp. 621-624
  9. ↑ Grant, Eugene Lodewick, Leavenworth, Richard S., Statistical Quality Control, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1988, pp. 574-575, ISBN 0070241171
  10. ^ American Statistical Association (ASA), Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, 1954, p. 341
  11. ^ Rath & Strong, Rath & Strong's Six Sigma Pocket Guide: New Revised Edition, Rath & Strong, Incorporated, Aon Consulting, 2006, p. 10, ISBN 0974632872
  12. ↑ Stephens, Kenneth S., Juran, Quality, and a Century of Improvement, American Society for Quality, 2004, p. 188, ISBN 0873896351
  13. ↑ Juran, JM, "The Non-Pareto Principle; Mea Culpa"
  14. ↑ Vinas, Tonya, Industry Week, November 1, 2003 “Best Practices - The Hunt For Red X”
  15. ↑ Main, Jeremy, Langan, Patricia A., Aug. 18, 1986, "Under the Spell of the Quality Gurus," Fortune Magazine, pp. 22-23
  16. ↑ Bhote, Keki, World Class Quality: Using Design of Experiments to Make It Happen, 2nd edition, 2000, Amacom, New York, pp. 79-82 ISBN 0814404278
  17. ↑ Langan, Patricia A., 1986, "Under the spell of the quality gurus," FORTUNE Magazine, Aug. 18, p. 23
  18. ↑ Bhote, Keki R., The Ultimate Six Sigma: Beyond Quality Excellence to Total Business, Amacom, 2001, p. 176, ISBN 0814406777
  19. ^ Sleeper, Andrew D., Design for Six Sigma Statistics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 2005, p. 79, ISBN 0071451625
  20. ↑ Carter, ADS, Mechanical Reliability, Wiley, 1986, pp. 156-157, ISBN 0470206942
  21. ^ ASQ, Spring, 2000, "Shainin Stamp of Quality," p. 9
  22. ^ Shainin, Dorian, Reliability: Managing a reliability program. "Apollo lunar module engine exhaust products." Science 166, 1969, pp. 733-38
  23. ↑ Shainin website
  24. ↑ Elsmar Cove Quality Assurance and Business Standards, "Dorian Shainin"
  25. ^ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE transactions on industry and general applications, IEEE, 1965, p. 87
  26. ↑ Logothetis, N., 1990, A Perspective on Shainin's Approach to Experimental Design for Quality Improvement, Quality and Reliability Engineering International, p. 197
  27. ^ Rath & Strong, Rath & Strong's Six Sigma Leadership Handbook, Wiley, 1st edition, 2003, p. 2
  28. ^ ASQ, December 18, 2007, "Dorian Shainin: A professional approach to problem solving"
  29. ↑ Rath & Strong Management Consultants, from In This Issue, 1957 Harvard Business Review, "Dorian Shainin"
  30. ^ ASQ, December 18, 2007, "Dorian Shainin: A professional approach to problem solving"
  31. ^ Quality, September, 1982, "A talk with Dorian," p. 15 32. Bhote, Keki, World Class Quality: Using Design of Experiments to Make It Happen, 2nd edition, 2000, Amacom, New York, pp. 94 ISBN 0814404278 , 33. Stamatis, DH, TQM Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, 1997, pp. 240-241 ISBN 082470083X
  32. ↑ Bhote, Keki, World Class Quality: Using Design of Experiments to Make It Happen, 2nd edition, 2000, Amacom, New York, pp. 94 ISBN 0814404278
  33. ↑ Stamatis, DH, TQM Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, 1997, pp. 240-241 ISBN 0-8247-0083-X
personal data
SURNAME Shainin, Dorian
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American founder of the Shainin theory
DATE OF BIRTH September 26, 1914
PLACE OF BIRTH San Francisco
DATE OF DEATH January 7, 2000
Place of death Manchester , Connecticut