Real stonefish

Real stonefish
	Real stonefish (Synanceia verrucosa)
Systematics
	Perch relatives (Percomorphaceae)
Order :	Perch-like (Perciformes)
Subordination :	Scorpionfish relatives (Scorpaenoidei)
Family :	Stonefish (Synanceiidae)
Genre :	Synanceia
Type :	Real stonefish
Scientific name
	Synanceia verrucosa
	Bloch & Schneider , 1801

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The real stonefish ( Synanceia verrucosa ) is a fish also known as the oclap. It is a carnivorous member of the stonefish family (Synanceiida) with poisonous spines that lives on reef floors and camouflages itself as rocks. It is poisonous and can be fatal to humans.

description

This stonefish is usually brown or gray and can be yellow, orange, or red. The kind reaches 30 to 40 centimeters in length; a specimen of 51 centimeters was documented.

distribution and habitat

This stonefish lives mainly above the Tropic of Capricorn. It is the most widespread species in the stonefish family and is known from shallow tropical marine waters in the Pacific and Indian Oceans from the Red Sea to the Great Barrier Reef.

There is also evidence that S. verrucosa may be found in the Mediterranean. An adult specimen was caught near Jawne , Israel in 2010 .

This fish lives in coral reefs. It can settle on and around rocks and plants or rest on the sea floor.

nutrition

The real stonefish mostly eats small fish, shrimp and other crustaceans.

Human applications

The primary commercial importance of this stone fish is that of an aquarium fish. It is also sold as a food in Hong Kong markets and consumed in the Philippines, especially in Chinese restaurants and in Japan.

toxicity

Synanceia verrucosa in a public aquarium

Its dorsal area is lined with 13 spines, each of which has two poisonous vesicles. The spines are sharp and stiff and are known to have broken through the soles of the boots.

The effects of the poison include severe pain, shock, paralysis, and tissue death. A large dose can be fatal to people, generally young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. Medical treatment includes the antidote. Local anesthesia can reduce the pain. First aid involves immersing the affected limb in hot water; this is supposed to help denature the proteins in the poison. Immobilization of poison at the penetration site with the help of a tourniquet or a fixed constructive bandage is no longer recommended. Surviving victims may have nerve damage that can lead to localized muscle atrophy.

The poison consists of a mixture of proteins, including hemolytic stonotoxin , proteinaceous verrucotoxin, and cardiotoxic cardioleputin .

Web links

Commons : Stonefish - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wikispecies: Synanceia verrucosa - Species directory

Synanceia verrucosa on Fishbase.org (English)
Synanceia verrucosa . Integrated Taxonomic Information System

Individual evidence

↑ EE Capuli, AK Ortañez: Synanceia verrucosa, stonefish ( English ) Fishbase. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
^ Wells, V .: The Stonefish - The Deadliest Fish in The World ( English ) Petplace. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
↑ ^a ^b ^c McGrouther, M .: Reef Stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) ( English ) Australian Museum. February 21, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
↑ D. Edelist, E. Spanier, D. Golani: Evidence for the occurrence of the Indo-Pacific stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa (Actinopterygii: Scorpaeniformes: Synanceiidae), in the Mediterranean Sea . In: Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria . 41, No. 2, June 2011, pp. 129-131. doi : 10.3750 / AIP2011.41.2.09 .
^ Taylor, G .: Toxic fish spine injury: Lessons from 11 years of experience . In: South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal . 30, No. 1, 2000, pp. 7-8.
↑ White, J .: First Aid for Marine Bites and Stings ( English ) In: CSL Antivenom Handbook . www.toxinology.com. 2001. Retrieved June 30, 2014.

[fishbase-1] EE Capuli, AK Ortañez: Synanceia verrucosa, stonefish ( English ) Fishbase. Retrieved June 30, 2014.

[wells-2] Wells, V .: The Stonefish - The Deadliest Fish in The World ( English ) Petplace. Retrieved June 30, 2014.

[mc-3] McGrouther, M .: Reef Stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) ( English ) Australian Museum. February 21, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2014.

[edelist-4] D. Edelist, E. Spanier, D. Golani: Evidence for the occurrence of the Indo-Pacific stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa (Actinopterygii: Scorpaeniformes: Synanceiidae), in the Mediterranean Sea . In: Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria . 41, No. 2, June 2011, pp. 129-131. doi : 10.3750 / AIP2011.41.2.09 .

[tay-5] Taylor, G .: Toxic fish spine injury: Lessons from 11 years of experience . In: South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal . 30, No. 1, 2000, pp. 7-8.

[csl-6] White, J .: First Aid for Marine Bites and Stings ( English ) In: CSL Antivenom Handbook . www.toxinology.com. 2001. Retrieved June 30, 2014.