Perch relatives

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Perch relatives
Various perch relatives from the angelfish and grouper families (above), parrotfish and cichlids (middle), gobies and mackerel (below).

Various perch relatives from the angelfish and grouper families (above), parrotfish and cichlids (middle), gobies and mackerel (below).

Systematics
Overcohort : Clupeocephala
Cohort : Euteleosteomorpha
Sub-cohort : Neoteleostei
Acanthomorphata
Spinefish (Acanthopterygii)
Perch relatives
Scientific name
Percomorphaceae
Rosen , 1973

The perch relatives (Percomorpha; also Percomorphacea or Percomorphaceae) are a systematic large group of bony fish (Osteichthyes) and the main group of spiny fishes (Acanthopterygii). They include around a third of freshwater fish and around 72% of the fish species found in the sea, a total of around 17435 fish species in around 265 families . That is more than 50% of all fish species. This large number makes it difficult to research the exact relationships, which is why the Percomorpha (ceae) are very difficult to define.

Systematics

External system

The following cladogram shows the position of the perch relatives according to the latest phylogenetic studies by R. Betancur-R. et al .:

  Neoteleostei  

 Deep- sea tadpoles (Ateleopodiformes)


  Eurypterygia  

 Lizardfish relatives (Aulopiformes)


  Ctenosquamata  

 Lanternfish (Myctophiformes)


  Acanthomorphata  


 Lampriformes  (Lampriformes)


   

 Paracanthopterygii  ( Perch-like ,  Petersfisch-like ,  Stylephorus chordatus ,  Cod-like )



   

 Bearded fish (Polymixiiformes)


  Spinefish  


 Mucous heads  (Beryciformes)


   

 Trachichthyiformes



   

 Soldier fish and hussar fish  (Holocentrimorphaceae)


   

 Perch relatives (Percomorphaceae)









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Internal systematics according to Nelson

The American ichthyologist Joseph S. Nelson stated in his standard work on the fish systematics Fishes of the World - in contrast to the mullets (Mugiliformes) and the earfish relatives (Atherinomorpha) - the following orders of the Percomorpha:

The synapomorphies of the Percomorpha ( sensu Nelson (2006)) include:

  1. A rod-shaped connecting cartilage between the first epibranchial and the second pharyngobranchial (parts of the gill skeleton). The absence of cartilage in some Percomorpha groups is considered a secondary feature. A similar cartilage in some lantern fish (Myctophidae), large scale fish (Melamphaidae) and mucous head-like (Beryciformes) is not homologous to the cartilage of the Percomorpha.
  2. In the tail fin skeleton there is (at sexual maturity) only one (clear) Ural vertebral center (in all lower fish groups, however, at least two in some species).
  3. The number of Hypuralia is a maximum of five (this characteristic is also found independently acquired in the large scale fish (Melamphaidae), slime heads (Berycidae), soldier and hussar fish (Holocentridae), silver heads (Diretmidae) and the St. Peter's fish-like (Zeiformes)). Also frog fish (Batrachoidiformes), anglerfish (Lophiiformes) and ophidiiformes (Ophidiiformes) (which was formerly all the paracanthopterygii presented) have five or fewer Hypuralia. The problem was defused by “raising” these three orders to Percomorpha, which was also covered by molecular biological studies.
  4. The pelvic fins never have more than five soft rays. (There is a 'tendency' towards this number in all Acanthomorpha .) Secondarily, a higher number can occasionally occur again, for example in Solenostomus ( pipefish ), some dentin fish (Cyprinodontoidea) and flatfish (Pleuronectiformes).
  5. Furthermore, most of the Percomorpha have highly developed comb scales (ctenoid scales). This characteristic is absent in the intestinal fish-like, frog fish , the ear-fish relatives (Atherinomorpha), the stickleback-like (Gasterosteiformes), the gill-slit hall-like (Synbranchiformes), the armfinch, the puffer-fish relatives (Tetraodontiformes) and many perch-like. In taxa below the percomorpha, there are no highly developed comb scales (with periodic change of teeth) (see  Gonorynchus ).
  6. There are no free pelvic fin radialia (rudiments can still appear in the embryo, but they soon merge with the radiation bases).
  7. The “upper ribs” (epineuralia, bones ) lie with their distal section in the horizontal septum (that is, the fascia between the dorsal and ventral trunk muscles); the two foremost epineuralia arise higher (from the vertebral bodies) than the rest. A similar situation can be found with the pirate perch ( Aphredoderus sayanus ), some Johns fish and the beryciform pine cone fish ( Monocentrus ). (The bone morphology is still very much in development.)
  8. The caudal fin is supported by seventeen main tail fin rays in the I, 8,7, I pattern. (In front of these 17 main rays there are often the so-called pre-rays, which are also based on rows of merging scales and serve to stiffen the caudalis.) An evolutionary reduction in number is common, but its increase is rare. The St. Peter's-like also have 15 caudal fin soft rays ( convergence ).

Modern internal system

Various cladistic studies have shown, however, that some orders of the previously paraphyletic Paracanthopterygii as well as mullets and earfish relatives must be assigned to perch relatives. In a proposal published in 2013 for a new bony fish systematics, these are integrated into the Percomorphaceae, making them monophyletic , and the Percomorphaceae in turn subdivided into nine well-supported monophyletic groups ("series") above the hierarchy (shown in bold below). So far, however, numerous families could not be assigned to any order within these large groups. The inclusion of some families still managed in separate orders at Betancur-R and colleagues in the doctor fish-like is reproduced here after the revision of the group by the Australian inchthyologists Anthony Gill and Jeffrey M. Leis.

Phylogeny of the perch relatives
  Perch relatives  
  Ophidiaria  

 Viscera (Ophidiiformes)


   
  Batrachoidaria  

 Frogfish-like (Batrachoidiformes)


   
  Gobiaria  

 Gobies (Gobiiformes)


   

 Kurtiformes



   

  Syngnatharia  

 Pipefish (Syngnathiformes)


  Pelagiaria  

 Scombriformes



   

  Anabantaria  

 Gill slit eels (Synbranchiformes)


   

 Anabantiformes



  Carangaria  

 Carangiformes



   
  Ovalentaria  

 Spearfish relatives , cichlids , mullets , slime fish , etc.


  Eupercaria 

 Perch-like (Perciformes)


   


 Pempheriformes


   

 Mojarras (Gerreiformes)


   

 Uranoscopiformes


   

 Wrasse (Labriformes)





   

 Centrarchiformes


   

 Sea bass (Moronidae)


   

 Surgeonfish (Acanthuriformes), armfinches (Lophiiformes), pufferfish relatives (Tetraodontiformes) and others












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Tribal history

Palaeoperca proxima from the Messel Pit

Many recent families of perch relatives appear in the fossil record in the Eocene . Particularly in the northern Italian Monte Bolca Formation, which arose from Tethys deposits , there are many fossils of perch-related fish. Early relatives of the perch that have been studied very well are Mioplosus and Priscacara from the North American Green River Formation , as well as Amphiperca and Palaeoperca from the Messel Pit . The representatives of that time do not differ significantly from today's appearance, from which it is concluded that the perch relatives went through a phase of accelerated evolution in the Upper Cretaceous and in the early Tertiary . They probably descend from forms of the Upper Cretaceous, which resembled the Beryciformes , and developed their high diversity in a period of only 20 million years.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ EO Wiley & G. David Johnson (2010)
  2. ↑ a b c Ricardo Betancur-R, Edward O. Wiley, Gloria Arratia, Arturo Acero, Nicolas Bailly, Masaki Miya, Guillaume Lecointre and Guillermo Ortí: Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes . BMC Evolutionary Biology, BMC series - July 2017, DOI: 10.1186 / s12862-017-0958-3
  3. ↑ Elizabeth Christina Miller, Kenji T. Hayashi, Dongyuan Song, John J. Wiens. Explaining the ocean's richest biodiversity hotspot and global patterns of fish diversity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2018; 285 (1888): 20181314 DOI: 10.1098 / rspb.2018.1314
  4. ↑ a b Anthony Gill & Jeffrey M. Leis (2019): Phylogenetic position of the fish genera Lobotes, Datnioides and Hapalogenys , with a reappraisal of acanthuriform composition and relationships based on adult and larval morphology. Zootaxa, 4680 (1): 1-81. DOI: 10.11646 / zootaxa.4680.1.1
  5. ↑ Hughes, LC, Ortí, G., Huang, Y., Sun, Y., Baldwin, CC, Thompson, AW, Arcila, D., Betancur-R., D., Li, C., Becker, L. , Bellora, N., Zhao, X., Li, X., Wang, M., Fang, C., Xie, B., Zhou, Z., Huang, H., Chen, S., Venkatesh, B. & Shi, Q. (2018): Comprehensive phylogeny of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) based on transcriptomic and genomic data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115 (24) 6249-6254. doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1719358115