Snapper
Snapper | ||||||||||||
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Humpback snapper ( Lutjanus gibbus ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Lutjanidae | ||||||||||||
Bloch , 1790 |
The snapper (Lutjanidae) are a family of marine fish from the group of perch relatives (Percomorphaceae). They live close to the coast in tropical and subtropical regions of the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific and rarely swim in brackish water and estuaries . Many are important edible fish but can be poisoned by ciguatera . In Germany, only the Malabar snapper may be marketed under the name "Roter Schnapper" or "Red Snapper", while in America "Red Snapper" means the Northern snapper .
features
They are mostly medium-sized to large fish with large heads and a large, terminal mouth. Most species have large fangs at the front of the mouth. The palatine bone and sometimes the ploughshare also have small teeth. Their dorsal fin has grown together, there is an indentation between the hard-rayed and soft-rayed part. The caudal fin is slightly to deeply indented. The attachment of the pelvic fins is directly behind the attachment of the pectoral fins .
Fin formula : Dorsal IX – XII / 9–18, Anale III / 7–11
Depending on the species, snapper grow to a length of 15 centimeters to 1.60 meters.
Reproduction
Reproduction was only observed in a few species. Snapper gather in large swarms in front of reefs to spawn at full or new moon . The eggs are very small (usually less than a millimeter in diameter), a female can give up up to half a million. The fry hatch after 18 hours to a few days and initially live hidden in shallow water, in estuaries or mangroves , even in brackish water . In some species the juvenile fish have a completely different color than the adult ones.
Systematics
There are more than 130 species in 21 genera and five subfamilies:
The cladogram shows the relationships between the Schnapper subfamilies: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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- Subfamily Apsilinae
- Genus Apsilus
- Apsilus dentatus (Guichenot, 1853)
- Fork-tailed snapper ( Apsilus fuscus ) (Valenciennes, 1830)
- Genus Lipocheilus
- Lipocheilus carnolabrum (Chan, 1970)
- Genus Paracaesio
- Paracaesio brevidentata White, Last, 2012
- Paracaesio caerulea (Katayama, 1934)
- Paracaesio gonzalesi (Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979)
- Paracaesio kusakarii (Abe, 1960)
- Paracaesio paragrapsimodon (Anderson & Kailola, 1992)
- Paracaesio sordida (Abe & Shinohara, 1962)
- Paracaesio stonei (Raj & Seeto, 1983)
- Paracaesio waltervadi (Anderson & Collette, 1992)
- Paracaesio xanthura ( Bleeker , 1869)
- Genus Parapristipomoides
- Parapristipomoides squamimaxillaris (Kami, 1973)
- Genus Apsilus
- Subfamily Etelinae
- Genus Aphareus
- Aphareus furca ( Lacépède , 1801)
- Aphareus rutilans ( Cuvier , 1830)
- Genus Aprion
- Aprion virescens ( Valenciennes , 1830)
- Genus Etelis
- Etelis carbunculus ( Cuvier , 1828)
- Etelis coruscans (Valenciennes, 1862)
- Etelis oculatus (Valenciennes, 1828)
- Etelis radiosus (Anderson, 1981)
- Genus Pristipomoides
- Pristipomoides amoenus (Snyder 1911)
- Pristipomoides aquilonaris ( Goode & Bean , 1896)
- Pristipomoides argyrogrammicus (Valenciennes, 1832)
- Pristipomoides auricilla ( Jordan , Evermann & Tanaka, 1927)
- Pristipomoides filamentosus (Valenciennes, 1830)
- Pristipomoides flavipinnis (Shinohara, 1963)
- Pristipomoides freemani (Anderson, 1966)
- Pristipomoides macrophthalmus ( Müller & Troschel, 1848)
- Pristipomoides multidens (Day, 1871)
- Pristipomoides Sieboldii ( Bleeker , 1854)
- Pristipomoides typus (Bleeker, 1852)
- Pristipomoides zonatus (Valenciennes, 1830)
- Genus Randallichthys
- Randallichthys filamentosus (Fourmanoir, 1970)
- Genus Aphareus
- Subfamily Lutjaninae
- Genus Hoplopagrus
- Hoplopagrus guentherii ( Gill , 1862)
- Genus Lutjanus , about 75 species.
- Genus Macolor
- Macolor macularis (Fowler, 1931)
- Black snapper ( Macolor niger ) ( Forsskål , 1775)
- Pinjalo genus
- Pinjalo lewisi (Randall, Allen & Anderson, 1987)
- Pinjalo pinjalo ( Bleeker , 1850)
- Genus Hoplopagrus
- Subfamily Paradichthyinae
- Genus Symphorichthys
- Symphorichthys spilurus ( Günther , 1874)
- Genus Symphorus
- Cinnamon snapper ( Symphorus nematophorus ) (Bleeker, 1860)
- Genus Symphorichthys
- Subfamily Fusiliers (Caesioninae)
literature
- Kurt Fiedler: Textbook of Special Zoology, Volume II, Part 2: Fish , Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1991, ISBN 3-334-00339-6
- Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World , John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Miller, TL & TH Cribb. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships of some common Indo-Pacific snappers (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences, with comments on the taxonomic position of the Caesioninae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 44, Issue 1, July 2007, DOI: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2006.10.029
Web links
- Snapper on Fishbase.org (English)