Scorpionfish

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The division of living beings into systematics is a continuous subject of research. Different systematic classifications exist side by side and one after the other. The taxon treated here has become obsolete due to new research or is not part of the group systematics presented in the German-language Wikipedia.

The scorpionfish (Scorpaeniformes), often given the no longer appropriate name armor cheeks , are a traditional bony fish order from the group of perch relatives (Percomorpha). There are around 1200 species . The scorpionfish belong to the five largest orders of the bony fish. They include: B. the scorpionfish , lionfish , gurnards and, as one of the most famous representatives, the edible fish redfish , which is threatened with overfishing .

The order has recently been comprehensively re-diagnosed , as it did not form a monophylum in its old composition, including the flying cocks (Dactylopteridae) and the bull relatives (Cottiformes), but without the sawfish (Serranidae) . Therefore, the Scorpaeniformes sensu Imamura & Yabe 2002 are described below.

In the most recent revision of the bony fish classification by R. Betancur-R. et al. (2013), however, both suborders are integrated into the newly defined perch-like (Perciformes); their sister group relationship is also questioned here.

distribution

Almost all scorpionfish live in the sea. Only the Southeast Asian Neovespicula depressifrons and the Australian Notesthes robusta also seek fresh and brackish water from the river mouths, the Indian flat head ( Platycephalus indicus ) only brackish water. In the northern, cold seas, the scorpionfish are among the most common bony fish. Another area of ​​distribution are the tropical coral reefs .

features

Most scorpionfish are characterized by a head and body armored with spikes and bone plates. Their pectoral fins are large and rounded, the lower fin rays are often free and not connected to the fin membrane. The caudal fin is usually rounded.

According to Imamura & Yabe, the Scorpaeniformes are characterized by the following synapomorphies :

  1. A backward-pointing sting on the gill cover , which is similar in the weever males (Trachinidae), the crocodile ice fish (Channichthyidae), in Sphyraenops bairdianus from the family of deep-sea cardinalfish (Epigonidae) and in the genus Bembrops from the family of beaked fish (Percophidae) ) occurs.
  2. The dorsal fin has an adductor muscle . The muscle is widespread among the Percomorpha, but does not occur in the Cottoidei , the former sister group of the Scorpaenoidei .
  3. The larvae have a single sting behind the eyes, a feature that only occurs in some sawfish, but also in various "Perciformes".

Many scorpionfish are reddish in color, a color that camouflages the fish well, as the red color component of the sunlight is absorbed by the water even at shallow depths and the fish appear black as a result. Brownish or grayish camouflage colors are also common.

All scorpion fish-like life carnivor that tilefish z. B. zooplankton , larger fish of the order eat fish, and large groupers can also overwhelm large prey fish and larger cephalopods .

External system

The scorpionfish belong to the perch relatives (Percomorpha), whose internal system is still controversial. Up to now, the bull relatives (Cottoidei), possibly including the sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae), the real perch (Percidae), the weever (Trachinidae), the Antarctic fish (Notothenioidei) and the beaked fish (Percophidae) have been identified as close relatives .

Internal system

In the old composition, including the cockles and the bullhead relatives, but without sawfish, the order Scorpaeniformes was considered polyphyletic . Already in 1909 E. P. Allis reported doubts about the relationship between sea cocks, scorpion fish and bullheads based on osteological investigations. The only synapomorphism of the armored cheeks was a bone brace below the eye, which, however, is formed by a different bone in the flying cocks than in the other armored cheeks and also occurs in a number of other barbed fins (e.g. the tubular mouths (Aulorhynchidae) and the black snakes) (Chiasmodontidae)).

The Scorpaeniformes sensu Imamura & Yabe, 2002 consist of two suborders, the Scorpaenoidei and the Serranoidei . The integration of the latter, which are traditionally assigned to the paraphyletic perch-like (Perciformes), is a first step to dissolve this artificial, systematic unit, which is not characterized by any common features. The Serranoidei are basal to the probably polyphyletic Scorpaenoidei.

Schaukelfisch
( Taenianotus triacanthus )
Red gurnard
( Chelidonichthys lucernus )
Jeweled grouper
( Cephalopholis miniata )

In the following list of the internal systematics, the subordinates and superfamilies are listed according to Wiley & Johnson, the families that are no longer listed at Wiley & Johnson according to Nelson and FishBase .

Tribal history

The Serranide Amphiperca multiformis from the Messel Pit in the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe .

Fossil scorpionfish from the suborder Scorpaenoidei have been known since the Eocene . These include two families that are now extinct, the Pterygocephalidae and the Rhamphosidae . The gurnard genus Trigla can be detected from the same time interval until recently, the scorpion fish genus Scorpaena from the Miocene . The fossil record of the suborder Serranoidei is more numerous. Prolates was found in the Upper Cretaceous and in the Paleocene of Europe, Dapalis from the Paleocene to the Miocene. Acanus , Amphiperca , Balbe , Palaeoperca , Priacanthopsis , Properca and Smerdis are extinct genera from the Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene. Fossils of the genera Epinephelus and Serranus living today have been known since the Miocene and from the Middle Eocene to recent times.

swell

literature

  • H. Imamura & M. Yabe: Demise of the Scorpaeniformes (Actinopterygii: Percomorpha): An Alternative Phylogenetic Hypothesis . Bulletin of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 107-128 (2002) Abstract
  • Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World . John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7 .
  • EO Wiley & G. David Johnson: A teleost classification based on monophyletic groups. in Joseph S. Nelson, Hans-Peter Schultze & Mark VH Wilson: Origin and Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Teleosts. 2010, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich, ISBN 978-3-89937-107-9 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Joseph S. Nelson (2006), 321, 328 and 346.
  2. ^ A b E. O. Wiley & G. David Johnson (2010), p. 168.
  3. ↑ a b c d H. Imamura & M. Yabe: Demise of the Scorpaeniformes (Actinopterygii: Percomorpha): An Alternative Phylogenetic Hypothesis . Bulletin of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, VOL.53, NO.3, PAGE.107-128 (2002) Abstract ( Memento of the original from October 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sciencelinks.jp
  4. ↑ Ricardo Betancur-R., Richard E. Broughton, Edward O. Wiley, Kent Carpenter, J. Andrés López, Chenhong Li, Nancy I. Holcroft, Dahiana Arcila, Millicent Sanciangco, James C Cureton II, Feifei Zhang, Thaddaeus Buser, Matthew A. Campbell, Jesus A Ballesteros, Adela Roa-Varon, Stuart Willis, W. Calvin Borden, Thaine Rowley, Paulette C. Reneau, Daniel J. Hough, Guoqing Lu, Terry Grande, Gloria Arratia, Guillermo Ortí: The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes. PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 2013 Apr 18 [last modified: 2013 Apr 23]. Edition 1. doi: 10.1371 / currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288 , PDF ( Memento of the original from October 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / currents.plos.org
  5. ↑ Neovespicula depressifrons on Fishbase.org (English)
  6. ↑ Notesthes robusta on Fishbase.org (English)
  7. ↑ Platycephalus indicus on Fishbase.org (English)
  8. ^ William Leo Smith and Ward C. Wheeler: Polyphyly of the mail-cheeked fishes (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes): evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32, 2004, p. 627, doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2004.02.006 .
  9. ↑ EP Allis: The Cranial Anatomy of the Mail-cheeked Fishes. Zoologica, Vol. Xxii (Issue 57).
  10. ↑ The buckle has the purpose to provide a rigid connection between Praeoperculare and lacrimal (first Suborbital) to produce, so that when the suspensory -Spreizung the lacrimal exerts a pressure on the nasal cavity with the nose cap before its joint, thus serves the smell. Here, then , another is added to the circular mechanical "link chains" (in the sense of Franz Reuleaux '1875) that the fish skull forms in itself.
  11. ^ Joseph S. Nelson (2006), pp. 321-330 and 345-346.
  12. ↑ Scorpionfish on Fishbase.org (English)
  13. ^ KA Frickhinger: Fossil Atlas Fish , Mergus-Verlag, Melle, 1999, ISBN 3-88244-018-X

Web links

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