Gurnards
| Gurnards | ||||||||||||
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| Risso , 1826 |
The gurnards (Triglidae) are a family of bottom-dwelling marine fish. They occur in all shelf seas and prefer to live on sandy or soft ground, where they poke for food with their elongated fin rays. The animals live in water depths of up to 400 meters. The family is named for its ability to make growling or grunting noises. The fish generate these noises by means of a muscle that makes the two-chambered swim bladder vibrate. The diet of the gurnards consists of small fish, crustaceans and mollusks .
features
Typical of the gurnards are the lower two to three rays of the pectoral fins , which are filled with taste cells and transformed into tactile organs , with which the gurnards can also trip short distances over the seabed. The pectoral fins are large, wing-like and their edge is often strikingly blue in color. They are spread apart during courtship and threatening and serve as wings during swimming.
The shape of the head and the large, wide, terminal mouth are also striking . The lips are fleshy, the teeth brush-like on the jaws and roof of the mouth. The head is armored with numerous bars and the gill and front gill covers are studded with spines. There may be two rostral processes on the snout. Gurnards are ten to 75 centimeters long, depending on the species.
The dorsal fin is divided, the first hard-radiating dorsal fin is much shorter and higher than the second soft-rayed. The bases of the dorsal fins are protected with pointed shields. The caudal fin is large and indented. The pelvic fins are on the chest. Gurnards are often reddish, but also silvery or dark in color.
Fin formula : dorsal 1 VII – XI, dorsal 2 10–23, anal 0 – I / 11–23, caudal 9–10
Gurnards are valued food fish .
Internal system
There are four subfamilies and 15 genera with around 170 species. The armored searobin which originally applied as an independent family will, as a sister group to a clade assigned by Pterygotriglinae and Triglinae recently the Knurrhähnen as a fourth subfamily.
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Triglidae cladogram :
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Subfamily Prionotinae
In the subfamily Prionotinae, the lateral line on the tail is not forked. A ligament (Baudelot's ligament) connects the upper end of the shoulder girdle with the back of the skull. 26 vertebrae.
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- Genus Bellator Jordan & Evermann, 1896
- Bellator brachychir ( Regan , 1914) .
- Bellator egretta ( Goode & Bean , 1896) .
- Bellator farrago Richards & McCosker, 1998 .
- Bellator gymnostethus (Gilbert, 1892) .
- Bellator loxias ( Jordan , 1897) .
- Bellator militaris (Goode & Bean, 1896) .
- Bellator ribeiroi Miller, 1965 .
- Bellator xenisma (Jordan & Bollman, 1890) .
- Genus Prionotus Lacépède, 1801
- Prionotus alatus ( Houttuyn , 1782) .
- Prionotus albirostris Jordan & Bollman, 1890 .
- Prionotus beanii Goode, 1896 .
- Prionotus birostratus Richardson , 1844 .
- Prionotus carolinus ( Linnaeus , 1771) .
- Prionotus evolans (Linnaeus, 1766) .
- Prionotus horrens Richardson, 1844 .
- Prionotus longispinosus Teague, 1951 .
- Prionotus martis Ginsburg, 1950 .
- Prionotus miles Jenyns, 1840 .
- Prionotus nudigula Ginsburg, 1950 .
- Prionotus ophryas Jordan & Swain, 1885 .
- Prionotus paralatus Ginsburg, 1950 .
- Prionotus punctatus ( Bloch , 1793) .
- Prionotus roseus Jordan & Evermann, 1887 .
- Prionotus rubio Jordan, 1886 .
- Prionotus ruscarius Gilbert & Starks, 1904 .
- Prionotus scitulus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 .
- Prionotus stearnsi Jordan & Swain, 1885 .
- Prionotus stephanophrys Lockington, 1881 .
- Prionotus teaguei Briggs, 1956 .
- Prionotus tribulus Cuvier , 1829 .
Subfamily Pterygotriglinae
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- Genus Bovitrigla Fowler 1938
- Bovitrigla acanthomoplate (Fowler, 1938) .
- Genus Pterygotrigla Waite, 1899
- Subgenus Otohime Jordan & Starks 1907
- Pterygotrigla amaokai Richards, Yato & Last, 2003
- Pterygotrigla draiggoch Richards, Yato & Last, 2003
- Pterygotrigla elicryste Richards, Yato & Last, 2003
- Pterygotrigla hafizi Richards, Yato & Last, 2003
- Pterygotrigla madagascarensis Yato & Heemstra, 2019
- Pterygotrigla soela Richards, Yato & Last, 2003
- Pterygotrigla urashimai Richards, Yato & Last, 2003
- Subgenus Parapterygotrigla Matsubara, 1937
- Pterygotrigla hoplites (Fowler, 1938)
- Pterygotrigla jacad Richards, Yato & Last, 2014
- Pterygotrigla macrorhynchus Kamohara, 1936
- Pterygotrigla megalops (Fowler, 1938)
- Pterygotrigla multiocellata Matsubara, 1937
- Pterygotrigla robertsi del Cerro & Lloris, 1997
- Subgenus Pterygotrigla
- Pterygotrigla andertoni Waite, 1910
- Pterygotrigla arabica (Boulenger, 1888)
- Pterygotrigla cajorarori Richards & Yato, 2012
- Pterygotrigla gomoni Last & Richards, 2012
- Pterygotrigla guezei Fourmanoir, 1963
- Pterygotrigla hemisticta (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843)
- Pterygotrigla leptacanthus (Günther, 1880)
- Pterygotrigla macrolepidota (Kamohara, 1938)
- Pterygotrigla multipunctata Yatou & Yamakawa, 1983
- Pterygotrigla pauli Hardy, 1982
- Pterygotrigla picta (Günther, 1880)
- Pterygotrigla polyommata (Richardson, 1839)
- Pterygotrigla ryukyuensis Matsubara & Hiyama, 1932
- Pterygotrigla saumarez Last & J. Richards, 2012
- Pterygotrigla spirai Golani & Baranes, 1997
- Pterygotrigla tagala (Herre & Kauffman, 1952)
- Subgenus Otohime Jordan & Starks 1907
Subfamily Triglinae
- Genus Chelidonichthys Kaup, 1873
- Cape gurnard ( Chelidonichthys capensis ) ( Cuvier , 1829) .
- Sea cuckoo ( Chelidonichthys cuculus ) ( Linnaeus , 1758) .
- Chelidonichthys gabonensis (Poll & Roux, 1955) .
- Chelidonichthys ischyrus Jordan & Thompson, 1914 .
- Chelidonichthys kumu (Cuvier, 1829) .
- Red gurnard ( Chelidonichthys lucerna ) (Linnaeus, 1758) .
- Chelidonichthys obscurus ( Bloch & Schneider , 1801) .
- Chelidonichthys queketti ( Regan , 1904) .
- Chelidonichthys spinosus (Gomon, 1987) .
- Genus Eutrigla Fraser-Brunner, 1938
- Gray gurnard ( Eutrigla gurnardus ) (Linnaeus, 1758) .
- Genus Lepidotrigla Günther, 1860
- Lepidotrigla abyssalis Jordan & Starks, 1904 .
- Lepidotrigla alata ( Houttuyn , 1782) .
- Lepidotrigla alcocki Regan, 1908 .
- Lepidotrigla annamarae del Cerro & Lloris, 1997 .
- Lepidotrigla argus Ogilby , 1910 .
- Lepidotrigla argyrosoma Fowler, 1938 .
- Lepidotrigla bentuviai Richards & Saksena, 1977 .
- Lepidotrigla bispinosa Steindachner , 1898 .
- Lepidotrigla brachyoptera Hutton, 1872 .
- Lepidotrigla cadmani Regan, 1915 .
- Lepidotrigla calodactyla Ogilby, 1910 .
- Lepidotrigla carolae Richards, 1968 .
- Large scale gurnard ( Lepidotrigla cavillone ( Lacépède , 1801) )
- Lepidotrigla deasoni Herre & Kauffman, 1952 .
- Lepidotrigla dieuzeidei Blanc & Hureau, 1973 .
- Lepidotrigla eydouxii Sauvage, 1878 .
- Lepidotrigla faurei Gilchrist & Thompson, 1914 .
- Lepidotrigla grandis Ogilby, 1910 .
- Lepidotrigla guentheri Hilgendorf, 1879 .
- Lepidotrigla hime Matsubara & Hiyama, 1932 .
- Lepidotrigla japonica ( Bleeker , 1854) .
- Lepidotrigla jimjoebob Richards, 1992 .
- Lepidotrigla kanagashira Kamohara, 1936 .
- Lepidotrigla kishinouyi Snyder, 1911 .
- Lepidotrigla larsoni del Cerro & Lloris, 1997 .
- Lepidotrigla lepidojugulata Li, 1981 .
- Lepidotrigla longifaciata Yatou, 1981 .
- Lepidotrigla longimana Li, 1981 .
- Lepidotrigla longipinnis Alcock , 1890 .
- Lepidotrigla macracaina Gomon & Kawai, 2018 .
- Lepidotrigla macrobrachia Fowler, 1938 .
- Lepidotrigla maculapinna Gomon & Kawai, 2018 .
- Lepidotrigla marisinensis (Fowler, 1938) .
- Lepidotrigla microptera Günther , 1873 .
- Lepidotrigla modesta Waite, 1899 .
- Lepidotrigla mulhalli Macleay, 1884 .
- Lepidotrigla multispinosa Smith, 1934 .
- Lepidotrigla musorstom del Cerro & Lloris, 1997 .
- Lepidotrigla nana del Cerro & Lloris, 1997 .
- Lepidotrigla oglina Fowler, 1938 .
- Lepidotrigla omanensis Regan , 1905 .
- Lepidotrigla papilio ( Cuvier , 1829) .
- Lepidotrigla pectoralis Fowler, 1938 .
- Lepidotrigla pleuracanthica ( Richardson , 1845) .
- Lepidotrigla psolokerkos Gomon & Psomadakis, 2018 .
- Lepidotrigla punctipectoralis Fowler, 1938 .
- Lepidotrigla robinsi Richards, 1997 .
- Lepidotrigla russelli del Cerro & Lloris, 1995 .
- Lepidotrigla sayademalha Richards, 1992 .
- Lepidotrigla sereti del Cerro & Lloris, 1997 .
- Lepidotrigla spiloptera Günther , 1880 .
- Lepidotrigla spinosa Gomon, 1987
- Lepidotrigla tanydactyla Gomon & Kawai, 2018 .
- Lepidotrigla umbrosa Ogilby , 1910 .
- Lepidotrigla vanessa (Richardson, 1839) .
- Lepidotrigla vaubani del Cerro & Lloris, 1997 .
- Lepidotrigla venusta Fowler, 1938 .
- Genus Parapterygotrigla Matsubara, 1937
- Parapterygotrigla multiocellata (Matsubara, 1937) .
- Genus Trigla Linnaeus, 1758
- Lyre gurnard ( Trigla lyra ) Linnaeus , 1758 .
- Genus Trigloporus Smith, 1934
- Striped gurnard ( Trigloporus lastoviza ) ( Bonnaterre , 1788) .
Subfamily Armored Gurnards (Peristediinae)
- see main article
literature
- Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World . John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7
- Kurt Fiedler: Textbook of Special Zoology, Volume II, Part 2: Fish . Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1991, ISBN 3-334-00339-6
- Bent J. Muus, Jørgen G. Nielsen: The marine fish of Europe in the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Atlantic. Kosmos, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-440-07804-3 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Smith, WL, Everman, E. & Richardson, C. (2018): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Flatheads, Scorpionfishes, Sea Robins, and Stonefishes (Percomorpha: Scorpaeniformes) and the Evolution of the Lachrymal Saber. Copeia 106 (1): 94-119. 2018 doi: 10.1643 / CG-17-669
- ↑ David S. Portnoy, Stuart C. Willis, Elizabeth Hunt, Dominic G. Swift, John R. Gold, Kevin W. Conway: Molecular phylogenetics of New World searobins (Triglidae; Prionotinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, November 2016, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2016.11.017
Web links
- Gurnards on Fishbase.org (English)