Real perch

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Real perch
Perch (Perca fluviatilis)

Perch ( Perca fluviatilis )

Systematics
Acanthomorphata
Spinefish (Acanthopterygii)
Perch relatives (Percomorphaceae)
Order : Perch-like (Perciformes)
Subordination : Percoidei
Family : Real perch
Scientific name
Percidae
Cuvier , 1816

The real perch (Percidae, Gr .: perke = perch) are a family from the order of the perch-like (Perciformes). The animals inhabit fresh waters all over the northern hemisphere. Sometimes they penetrate into brackish water , e.g. B. in the Baltic Sea . European species are u. a. the perch ( Perca fluviatilis ), the Kaulbarsch ( Gymnocephalus cernuus ) which Zander ( Sander lucioperca ) and the Streber ( Zingel streber ).

features

The largest species, the European pikeperch ( Sander lucioperca ), grows to 130 cm long, while most species of the subfamily Etheostomatinae do not even reach ten centimeters (these are benthic , spindle-shaped and have a reduced or no swim bladder). The smallest species, Etheostoma denoncourti , is only 2.9 cm long. All real perch feed carnivorously on invertebrates or smaller fish.

Real perch always have two dorsal fins that are clearly separated or that can touch. The first is supported by spiked rays, the second by soft rays. The anal fin usually has two, more rarely one spine. The second is always poorly developed. The paired, chest-like pelvic fins have one hard and five soft rays. The real perch have strong comb scales . The premaxillary can be extended, the supramaxillary is absent. The number of Branchiostegal rays is five to eight. The pseudobranchs are mostly free and well developed, rarely rudimentary.

Way of life

Real perch can be territorial loners, but schooling fish also occur in the family. All carnivorous feed on aquatic insects, worms, crustaceans and fish spawn. Large species like the pikeperch are piscivorous predatory fish. The fish release their spawn into the open water, between plants, in pits in the ground, or attach them to a solid substrate. Brood care by the male occurs, e.g. B. in the jumping bass .

Systematics

External system

The real perch belong to the subordination of the Percoidei within the order of the perch-like (Perciformes). Both taxa were traditionally polyphyletic , but were replaced by R. Betancur-R. and colleagues very much narrower and thus to ( monophyletic ) clades . The closest relatives of the real perch are the weever and Niphon spinosus .

Internal system

The family is divided into three subfamilies and ten genera. There are over 220 species , 14 of which live in temperate Eurasia and more than 200 in North America east of the Rocky Mountains . Over 130 species belong to the North American jumping bass ( Etheostoma ).

Subfamily Percinae

In the subfamily Percinae, the body is laterally flattened, the anterior interhema bone (the foremost supporting bone of the anal fin, which also closes the body cavity at the back) is greatly enlarged, the spines of the anal fin are well developed. The gill covers are strongly serrated. Usually the Percinae have 7 to 8 Branchiostegalray rays . The swim bladder is well developed. Without spawning rash .

American perch ( Perca flavescens )

Subfamily Luciopercinae

American pikeperch ( Sander vitreus )

In the subfamily Luciopercinae, the body is spindle-shaped. The interhemal bone in front is no larger than the one behind it. The fin spines of the anal fin are small. The sideline extends to the caudal fin. Without spawning rash.

  • Genus Sander Oken, 1817
  • Genus Romanichthys Dumitrescu, Bănărescu & Stoica, 1957
    • Bullhead perch ( Romanichthys valsanicola ) Dumitrescu, Bănărescu & Stoica, 1957
  • Genus Corkfish ( Zingel ) Cloquet, 1817

Subfamily Etheostomatinae

In the subfamily Etheostomatinae, also known as bottom perch in German, the body is spindle-shaped or slightly flattened on the sides. The interhemal bone lying in front is greatly enlarged, the fin spines of the anal fin are well developed, the edge of the gill cover is smooth or only partially toothed, usually 5 or 6 Branchiostegaljays, swim bladder reduced or absent. With spawning rash.

Ammocrypta bifascia
Percina caprodes
Percina kathae
Percina pantherina
Percina tanasi

Tribal history

The Percidae and the genus Perca have been fossilized since the Eocene from North America, Europe and western Asia. The genus Dules became extinct from the middle Eocene of Europe.

Remarks

  1. ↑ According to Pape 1880, πέρκη is related to περκνός "gray (blue), dark". But since there are passages and even word explanations for περκνός as ποικιλός “multicolored, colorful” (and Pape thinks the perch mentioned by Aristotle is “gray-blue”!), It is better not to follow Pape here - you can then also interpret the trout as a diminutive of forche as "colorful" fish (see Wiktionary: "trout"). So, despite its similarity to perca , perch has nothing to do with etymology.

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Etheostoma denoncourti on Fishbase.org (English)
  2. ↑ Ricardo Betancur-R, Edward O. Wiley, Gloria Arratia, Arturo Acero, Nicolas Bailly, Masaki Miya, Guillaume Lecointre and Guillermo Ortí: Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes . BMC Evolutionary Biology, BMC series - July 2017, DOI: 10.1186 / s12862-017-0958-3
  3. ↑ Stuart A. Welsh, Robert M. Wood: Crystallaria cincotta, a new species of darter (Teleostei: Percidae) from the Elk River of the Ohio River drainage, West Virginia . In: Magnolia Press (ed.): Zootaxa . No. 1680, Jan 14, 2008, pp. 62-68.
  4. ↑ Stuart A. Welsh, Robert M. Wood, Kenneth R. Sheehan: Threatened fishes of the world: Crystallaria cincotta Welsh and Wood 2008 (Percidae) . In: Environmental Biology of Fishes . tape 84 , no. 2 , January 2009, ISSN  0378-1909 , p. 191-192 , doi : 10.1007 / s10641-008-9405-z .

Web links

Commons : Real Perch (Percidae)  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files