Epinephelus
Epinephelus | ||||||||||||
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Dark giant grouper ( Epinephelus lanceolatus ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Epinephelus | ||||||||||||
Bloch , 1793 |
Epinephelus is a genus of groupers (Epinephelidae). The fish live near the coast in tropical and subtropical regions of all oceans.
features
Epinephelus species have an elongated, massive, cylindrical, or laterally compressed body. Depending on the species, they can reach lengths of twelve centimeters up to 2.70 meters. The massive head can reach a third to almost half the standard length (distance between the gill cover and the caudal fin root). The front part of the jaws can have enlarged "dog teeth", although some of the species are rather small. The palatine bone is also dentate.
Blue grouper ( E. cyanopodus )
White-spot grouper ( E. multinotatus )
The dorsal fin usually has eleven hard rays (ten in E. analogus ) and twelve to 19 soft rays. The base of the soft ray part of the dorsal fin is no longer than the base of the hard ray part. The anal fin has three hard and seven to ten soft rays. The pectoral fins are rounded, the central rays are the longest. The caudal fin is rounded, straight or is slightly indented. The scales are smooth or ridge scales .
Way of life
Most Epinephelus species live in rocky and coral reefs , some species ( E. aeneus , E. bruneus , and E. areolatus ) also live on soft and sandy soils. Usually depths of 10 to 200 meters are inhabited, only a few species inhabit greater depths of up to 525 meters. The two largest species, E. itajara and E. lanceolatus , both of which are more than two meters long and weigh over 400 kg, often swim in estuaries and harbors.
Epinephelus species feed on fish and larger invertebrates, especially crustaceans. The food is looked for in the reef or on the ground. E. undulosus , which has many long gill spines, eats pelagic tunicates .
Reproduction
Reproduction has only been studied in a few species. The Epinephelus species appear to be protogynous hermaphrodites . In some species, however, there are males that are smaller than the females, so that they may not have gone through a previous female stage. Also, not all females seem to change sex as they age.
distribution
Most Epinephelus species live in the western Indo-Pacific , eight live in the eastern Pacific , eleven in the western Atlantic and nine in the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean . Two live in both the eastern Pacific and the western Atlantic ( E. itajara and E. mystacinus ). Epinephelus itajara , often found in estuaries, likely reached the eastern Pacific through the Panama Canal .
fishing
Epinephelus species are some of the most important fish caught in tropical fisheries; the meat fetched high prices. E. coioides and E. malabaricus are kept in aquaculture .
species
After an extensive revision published in September 2018, 77 species are now included in the genera Epinephelus . Epinephelus is the most species-rich genus of groupers.
- Rock grouper ( Epinephelus adscensionis ) (Osbeck, 1765) .
- Epinephelus aeneus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) .
- Epinephelus akaara ( Temminck & Schlegel , 1842) .
- Pantherfish ( Epinephelus altivelis ) (Valenciennes, 1828) .
- Epinephelus amblycephalus ( Bleeker , 1857) .
- Epinephelus analogus Gill , 1863 .
- Polygonal honeycomb perch ( Epinephelus areolatus ) ( Forsskål , 1775) .
- Epinephelus awoara (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842) .
- Epinephelus bilobatus Randall & Allen, 1987 .
- Epinephelus bleekeri ( Vaillant , 1878) .
- White- rimed grouper ( Epinephelus bontoides ) (Bleeker, 1855) .
- Epinephelus bruneus Bloch, 1793 .
- Brown-point grouper ( Epinephelus chlorostigma ) ( Valenciennes , 1828) .
- Epinephelus clippertonensis Allen & Robertson, 1999 .
- Milky Way Grouper ( Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus ) ( Bloch , 1790) .
- Orange-spotted grouper ( Epinephelus coioides ) ( Hamilton , 1822) .
- Coral grouper ( Epinephelus corallicola ) (Valenciennes, 1828) .
- Epinephelus craigi Frable et al., 2018 .
- Blue grouper ( Epinephelus cyanopodus ) ( Richardson , 1846) .
- Black grouper ( Epinephelus daemelii ) ( Günther , 1876) .
- Epinephelus diacanthus (Valenciennes, 1828) .
- Cloud grouper ( Epinephelus erythrurus ) (Valenciennes, 1828) .
- Epinephelus fasciatomaculosus ( Peters , 1865) .
- Beret grouper ( Epinephelus fasciatus ) (Forsskål, 1775) .
- Epinephelus faveatus (Valenciennes, 1828) .
- Yellowfin grouper ( Epinephelus flavocaeruleus ) ( Lacépède , 1802) .
- Bullhead grouper ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ) (Forsskål, 1775) .
- Epinephelus fuscomarginatus Johnson & Wilmer, 2019
- Gabriella's grouper ( Epinephelus gabriellae ) Randall & Heemstra, 1991 .
- Epinephelus geoffroyi (Klunzinger, 1870) .
- Black-edged grouper ( Epinephelus guttatus ) ( Linnaeus , 1758) .
- Hexagon honeycomb perch ( Epinephelus hexagonatus ) ( Forster , 1801) .
- Black- saddle grouper ( Epinephelus howlandi ) ( Günther , 1873) .
- Epinephelus kupangensis Tucker, Kurniasih and Craig, 2016 .
- Epinephelus irroratus (Forster, 1801) .
- Giant grouper ( Epinephelus itajara ) (Lichtenstein, 1822) .
- Epinephelus kupangensis Tucker et al., 2016 .
- Star grouper ( Epinephelus labriformis ) (Jenyns, 1840) .
- Dark giant grouper ( Epinephelus lanceolatus ) ( Bloch , 1790) .
- Epinephelus latifasciatus ( Temminck & Schlegel , 1842) .
- Pointed head grouper ( Epinephelus leucogrammicus ) (Valenciennes, 1828) .
- Sailfin grouper ( Epinephelus longispinis ) (Kner, 1864) .
- White-bellied grouper ( Epinephelus macrospilos ) (Bleeker, 1855) .
- High-finned honeycomb perch ( Epinephelus maculatus ) (Bloch, 1790) .
- Epinephelus magniscuttis Postel, Fourmanoir & Guézé, 1963 .
- Malabar grouper ( Epinephelus malabaricus ) (Bloch & Schneider , 1801) .
- Speckled honeycomb perch ( Epinephelus melanostigma ) Schultz, 1953 .
- Dwarf honeycomb perch ( Epinephelus merra ) Bloch, 1793 .
- Reticulated grouper ( Epinephelus miliaris ) ( Valenciennes , 1830) .
- Epinephelus E. moara (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842) .
- Red grouper ( Epinephelus morio ) (Valenciennes, 1828) .
- White-spotted grouper ( Epinephelus multinotatus ) ( Peters , 1876) .
- Snowflake grouper ( Epinephelus ongus ) (Bloch, 1790) .
- Epinephelus polylepis Randall & Heemstra, 1991 .
- Camouflaged grouper ( Epinephelus polyphekadion ) (Bleeker, 1849) .
- Epinephelus polystigma ( Bleeker , 1853) .
- Epinephelus quinquefasciatus ( Lichtenstein , 1822) .
- Boomerang honeycomb perch ( Epinephelus quoyanus ) (Valenciennes, 1830) .
- Epinephelus retouti Bleeker, 1868 .
- Crescent grouper ( Epinephelus rivulatus ) ( Valenciennes , 1830) .
- Epinephelus sexfasciatus (Valenciennes, 1828) .
- Surf grouper ( Epinephelus socialis ) ( Günther , 1873) .
- Honeycomb perch ( Epinephelus spilotoceps ) Schultz, 1953 .
- Epinephelus stictus Randall & Allen, 1987 .
- Sand grouper ( Epinephelus stoliczkae ) (Day, 1875) .
- Nassau grouper ( Epinephelus striatus ) ( Bloch , 1792) .
- Summana grouper ( Epinephelus summana ) ( Forsskål , 1775) .
- Rust-spotted grouper ( Epinephelus tauvina ) (Forsskål, 1775) .
- Epinephelus trimaculatus (Valenciennes, 1828) .
- Epinephelus tuamotuensis Fourmanoir, 1971 .
- Giant spotted grouper ( Epinephelus tukula ) Morgans, 1959 .
- Maori grouper ( Epinephelus undulatostriatus ) ( Peters , 1866) .
- Wavy grouper ( Epinephelus undulosus ) ( Quoy & Gaimard , 1824) .
Species incertae sedis :
- Epinephelus chlorocephalus (Valenciennes, 1830) .
- Epinephelus indistinctus Randall & Heemstra, 1991 .
- Epinephelus lebretonianus (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1853) .
- Epinephelus suborbitalis Amaoka & Randall, 1990 .
- Epinephelus timorensis Randall & Allen, 1987 .
- Epinephelus trophis Randall & Allen, 1987 .
literature
- Dieter Eichler, Robert F. Myers: Korallenfische Indopazifik , Jahr-Verlag GmbH & Co., ISBN 3-86132-225-0
- Ewald Lieske, Robert F. Myers: Coral fish of the world . Year Top Special Verlag Hamburg, ISBN 3-86132-112-2
- Hans A. Baensch / Robert A. Patzner: Mergus Sea Water Atlas Volume 7 Perciformes (perch-like) . Mergus-Verlag, Melle, ISBN 3-88244-107-0
- Phillip C. Heemstra: Groupers of the World (Family Serranidae, Subfamily Epinephelinae) An Annotated and Illustrated Catalog of the Grouper, Rockcod, Hind, Coral Grouper and Lyretail Species . FAO Species Catalog for Fishery Purposes. Vol. 16. FAO Rome 1993; Pages 69-251. ( Full PDF )
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ma, KY & Craig, MT: An Inconvenient Monophyly: An Update on the Taxonomy of the Groupers (Epinephelidae). Copeia 106 (3): 443-456. 2018. doi: 10.1643 / CI-18-055
- ↑ Frable, BW, Tucker, SJ & Walker, HJ, Jr. (2018): A new species of grouper, Epinephelus craigi (Perciformes: Epinephelidae), from the South China Sea. Ichthyological Research: [1-10]. First Online: November 09, 2018.
- ↑ Johnson, JW & Wilmer, JW (2019): Epinephelus fuscomarginatus (Perciformes: Epinephelidae), a new species of grouper from off the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 4674 (3): 329-348.
Web links
- Epinephelus on Fishbase.org (English)