Swordfish relatives

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Swordfish relatives
White marlin (Tetrapturus albidus)

White marlin ( Tetrapturus albidus )

Systematics
Acanthomorphata
Spinefish (Acanthopterygii)
Perch relatives (Percomorphaceae)
Carangaria
Order : Carangiformes
Superfamily : Swordfish relatives
Scientific name
Xiphioidea

The swordfish relatives (Xiphioidea) are a group of large, pelagic predatory fish that live in all oceans. Within the swordfish relatives, a distinction is made between two families, the Xiphiidae with the swordfish as the only recent species and the spearfish (Istiophoridae), to which there are 9 to 11 species.

features

Swordfish relatives are 1.8 to five meters long. Your body is designed for fast swimming, elongated and fusiform or flattened on the sides. The distinguishing feature of the group is an elongated upper jaw rostrum, which is flattened like a "sword" in the swordfish and has a round cross-section in the spearfish. The pectoral fins of all swordfish relatives are stiff and slender, as are the pelvic fins of the spearfish. They are missing in the swordfish. The dorsal and anal fins are always divided into two parts: a large protruding fin and a smaller, more posterior part, which has the function of the “ Scombroidei ” flippers . The caudal fin is very stiff, sickle-shaped and forms the main driving organ. The torso muscles mainly act on them through tendons. The swordfish's tail fin handle is stabilized by a keel on each side, the spearfishes have two keels on each side.

Systematics

Together with the related barracuda swordfish relatives were the mackerel-like attributed, are the snake mackerel , hair tails , mackerel and tuna but phylogenetically not particularly close, but are rather the jackfish , the Snooks , the moon perch , to protect fish and flatfish related. Betancur-R. and colleagues therefore assigned them to the Carangaria group in their revision of the bony fish classification and raised them to the rank of order. In a revision of the Carangiformes order published in May 2020, however , the swordfish relatives were included in this order as a partial order. The revision was taken over by the monthly updated systematic fish database "Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes" at the beginning of June 2020. The sister group of the swordfish relatives are the moonfish (Menidae), which have only a recent representative with Mene maculata . Moonfish and swordfish relatives together form the suborder Menoidei within the Carangiformes.

Fossil record

Blochius longirostris from the Eocene from Monte Bolca (Italy).

In addition to the two more recent families, the Hemingwayidae , the Palaeorhynchidae and the Blochiidae are three extinct families known only through fossils , first 56 million years ago in the Paleocene , 53 million years ago in the early Eocene and 14 million years ago in the Middle Miocene occurred. The Xiphiidae appeared in the early Eocene 53 million years ago, Xiphias 15 million years ago in the Middle Miocene - at the same time as the first Istiophoridae appeared.

literature

  • Bruce B. Collette, Jan R. McDowell, John E. Grawes: Phylogeny of recent Billfishes (Xiphioidei). Bulletin of Marine Science: 79 (3), 455-468, 2006
  • Kurt Fiedler: Textbook of Special Zoology . 2nd volume. 2nd part: fish . Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1991, ISBN 3-334-00339-6 .
  • Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World , John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7 .
  • Izumi Nakamura: FAO Species Catalog An Annotated and Illustrated Catalog of Marlins, Sailfishes, Spearfishes and Swordfishes Known to date. United Nations Development Program Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome 1985, ISBN 92-5-102232-1 (English online ).

supporting documents

  1. ↑ Thomas M. Orrell, Bruce B. Collette, G. David Johnson: Molecular data support separate scombroid and xiphioid clades. Bulletin of Marine Science, Volume 79, Number 3, November 2006, pages 505-519 ( abstract and link to full text)
  2. ↑ Blaise Li, Agnès Dettaï, Corinne Cruaud, Arnaud Couloux, Martine Desoutter-Meniger, Guillaume Lecointre: RNF213, a new nuclear marker for acanthomorph phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 50 (2009): 345-363 doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2008.11.013
  3. ↑ Ricardo Betancur-R, Edward O. Wiley, Gloria Arratia, Arturo Acero, Nicolas Bailly, Masaki Miya, Guillaume Lecointre and Guillermo Ortí: Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes . BMC Evolutionary Biology, BMC series - July 2017, DOI: 10.1186 / s12862-017-0958-3 . Page 24.
  4. ^ A b Matthew G. Girard, Matthew P. Davis, W. Leo Smith: The Phylogeny of Carangiform Fishes: Morphological and Genomic Investigations of a New Fish Clade. Copeia, 108 (2): 265-298 (2020). doi: 10.1643 / CI-19-320
  5. ↑ Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Species by Family / Subfamily

Web links

Commons : Swordfish Relatives  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files