Electrooculography

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The electrooculography or -graphy (EOG) is a measurement method in which either the movement of the eye or changes in resting potential of the retina are measured. In both cases, the electrical voltage that occurs between two electrodes that are attached to the skin to the left and right (or above and below) of the eye is diverted. The resting potential is a constant electrical voltage difference between the front and back of the retina, which means that the cornea is positively charged and the back of the eyeball is negatively charged.

history

In 1922 Schott developed the first setup for an electrooculography. For the first time, electrodes could be bonded non-invasively. Further developments in clinical diagnostics were carried out in Gent ( François ) and in London under Geoffrey Arden. The latter recognized the light / dark quotient as the most important parameter of the measurement, which went down in history in his honor as the Arden ratio.

Eye movement measurement

The procedure used here is also called electronystagmography . The measurement assumes a constant resting potential of the retina. With eye movements, the front of the eye approaches one electrode while the back approaches the other electrode. This leads to a voltage difference between the electrodes, which is measured. This voltage difference is roughly proportional to the viewing angle.

Since eye movements are not only arbitrary, but also controlled by the vestibular system, the method is not only for diagnosis of nystagmus used, but also the balance system. In polysomnography , the EOG channel is used to record the REM phases . In contrast to other eye movement measurements , an EOG can also be recorded with the eyes closed, e.g. B. to measure whether a subject reacts to sounds with eye movements.

Measurement of changes in resting potential

For this measurement, the patient is asked to regularly look back and forth between two fixed points. With a constant rest potential, the same change in voltage would be measured with every change of viewing direction. If the lighting situation changes, however, the rest potential changes and thus the size of the voltage change measured when changing the direction of view. In a typical clinical examination, it is first examined how the resting potential changes after switching off the lighting (dark adaptation). Usually there is a slight drop in the resting potential over several minutes. The patient is then exposed to light again, which usually leads to a temporary sharp rise in the resting potential, which also lasts a few minutes. Changes compared to this typical course are an indication of a disease of the pigment epithelium of the retina.

The EOG in clinical application in ophthalmology

The standardized application as a diagnostic procedure is defined in the ISCEV standards. The Arden ratio is usually used as a measured value for the clinical interpretation of the EOG.

The EOG is pathological in the following diseases and can lead to differential diagnostic differentiation:

literature

  • Malcolm Brown, Michael Marmor, Vaegan, Eberhard Zrenner , Mitchell Brigell, Michael Bach : ISCEV Standard for Clinical Electro-oculography (EOG) 2006. In: Documenta Ophthalmologica. Vol. 113, No. 3, November 2006, ISSN  0012-4486 , pp. 205-212, doi : 10.1007 / s10633-006-9030-0 .
  • Andreas Bulling, Daniel Roggen, Gerhard Tröster:: It's in Your Eyes - Towards Context-Awareness and Mobile HCI Using Wearable EOG Goggles. In: UbiComp 2008. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing. September 21-24, 2008, Seoul, Korea. Association for Computing Machinery, New York NY 2008, ISBN 978-1-60558-136-1 , pp. 84-93, doi : 10.1145 / 1409635.1409647 .
  • Andreas Bulling, Jamie A. Ward, Hans Gellersen, Gerhard Tröster: Robust Recognition of Reading Activity in Transit Using Wearable Electrooculography. In: Pervasive computing. 6th international conference, Pervasive 2008, Sydney, Australia, May 19-22, 2008. Proceedings (= Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5013). Springer, Berlin et al. 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-79575-9 , pp. 19-37, doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-540-79576-6_2 .
  • Andreas Bulling, Daniel Roggen, Gerhard Tröster: Wearable EOG goggles: Seamless sensing and context-awareness in everyday environments. In: Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments. Vol. 1, No. 2, 2009, ISSN  1876-1364 , pp. 157-171, doi : 10.3233 / AIS-2009-0020 .
  • Andreas Bulling, Jamie A. Ward, Hans Gellersen, Gerhard Troster: Eye Movement Analysis for Activity Recognition Using Electrooculography. In: IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. Vol. 33, No. 4, April 2011, ISSN  0162-8828 , pp. 741-753, doi : 10.1109 / TPAMI.2010.86 .
  • Andreas Bulling, Jamie A. Ward, Hans Gellersen, Gerhard Tröster: Eye Movement Analysis for Activity Recognition. In: UbiComp '09. Proceedings of the 11th ACM International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, September 30 - October 3, 2009, Orlando, Florida, USA. Association for Computing Machinery, New York NY 2009, ISBN 978-1-60558-431-7 , pp. 41-50, doi : 10.1145 / 1620545.1620552 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Jules François: Electro-oculography . In: Paris (ed.): Ann Ocul . tape 185 , no. 3 . Paris 1952, p. 255-267 .
  2. ↑ ARDEN GB, FOJAS MR .: Electrophysiological abnormalities in pigmentary degenerations of the retina. Assessment of value and basis. In: Arch Ophthalmol. tape 68 , no. 9 . Chicago 1962.
  3. ↑ Malcolm Brown, Michael Marmor, Vaegan, Eberhard Zrenner , Mitchell Brigell: ISCEV Standard for Clinical Electro-oculography (EOG) 2006 . In: Documenta Ophthalmologica . tape 113 , no. 3 , November 1, 2006, ISSN  0012-4486 , p. 205–212 , doi : 10.1007 / s10633-006-9030-0 ( springer.com [accessed November 26, 2017]).