Enchenopa
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| Amyot & Serville , 1843 |
Enchenopa is a genus of humpback hoppers or humpback chirps ( Membracidae ), a family of round-headed cicadas (Cicadomorpha) from the superfamily of the Membracoidea .
The genus contains (including the 5 species of Campylenchia , see below) at least 51 species, with one species, E. binotata , possibly being a complex of several species, e.g. Some have not yet been nominally described. The majority of the species, namely 36, occur in South America, 9 species are known from Central America, 4 species from South and Central America, 2 species occur only in North America, and one species, E. sericea, is from both the Neotropicals (Mexico , Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, Argentina) as well as from the Nearctic (USA).
The genus was revised in 2014 and the two previous genera Enchenopa and Campylenchia were combined. However, based on earlier molecular biological results, various experts are of the opinion that Campylenchia should still be regarded as a separate genus. Further investigation is needed to gain clarity.
The humpback chirps of the genus Enchenopa are medium to large in size, the females are 5–14 mm, the males 3.5 to 11.5 mm long. They are mostly dark in color and have light, well-defined markings. The head is longer than the distance between the eyes. The pronotum is flat on the sides, not very raised, usually with a distinct extension to the front. This is often reduced in the males.
The adults can usually be found individually and suckle phloem on different plants ( E. sericea is found in aggregations). They are sometimes associated with ants. The larvae of some species are found in groups.
The species E. binotata , which is particularly common in eastern North America, has been particularly well studied . This “species” probably consists of nine closely related species ( species complex ), each of which is adapted to a particular host plant. They do not differ in morphology, but in their ecological specialization (adaptation to the plant on and from which they live). The individual species hatch at different times, depending on which host plant they live on. Since the development time is roughly the same, they are separated in relation to the time of their mating, so that only the males and females of one (eco) species come to mate with each other. As far as they come together at the mating season, the members of the same species prefer to mate, since the females respond to the vibration signals of their conspecific males, ie the species know each other by the vibration. The individuals of these species differ in substrate vibrations .
The E. binotata species complex is an interesting example of sympatric speciation through host change.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Hans Strümpel & Renate Strümpel: Revision of the American membrane genus Enchenopa (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadomorpha: Membracidae) with descriptions of new species. In: Entomological messages from the Zoological Museum Hamburg . tape 16 , no. 191 , 2014.
- ↑ Chung-Ping Lin, Bryan N. Danforth, Thomas K. Wood: Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of maternal care in Membracine treehoppers . In: Systematic Biology . tape 53 , no. 3 , 2004, p. 400-421 .
- ↑ Treehoppers: Aetalionidae, Melizoderidae, and Membracidae (Hemiptera). Retrieved March 12, 2018 .
- ↑ Campylenchia - Classifications - Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved March 12, 2018 .
- ^ A b C. Godoy, X. Miranda & K. Nishida: Treehoppers of tropical America . Instituto National de Biodiversidad (INBio), Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica 2006, ISBN 9968-927-10-4 , pp. 352 .
- ↑ a b Yu ‐ Hsun Hsu, Reginald B. Cocroft, Robert L. Snyder, Chung ‐ Ping Lin: You stay, but I Hop: Host shifting near and far co ‐ dominated the evolution of Enchenopa treehoppers . In: Ecology and Evolution . tape 8 , no. 4 , January 15, 2018, ISSN 2045-7758 , p. 1954–1965 , doi : 10.1002 / ece3.3815 , PMID 29468015 , PMC 5817127 (free full text).
