Landscaping accompanying plan

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In the Federal Republic of Germany, the accompanying landscape conservation plan ( LBP for short ) uses plans and explanatory texts to represent the measures that must be taken in the immediate area of ​​the building or its immediate vicinity to compensate or minimize these interventions in a building project that requires interventions in nature and the landscape are planned. The LBP is part of the planning documents required for the approval of the construction project. With the planning approval decision , the LBP becomes legally binding together with the building design.

Legal basis, implementation guidelines

The LBP was introduced by the Federal Nature Conservation Act ( BNatSchG ) of 1976 and the subsequent nature conservation laws of the federal states. The Federal Nature Conservation Act stipulates with Section 17, Paragraph 4: In the event of an intervention that is to be carried out on the basis of a specialist plan provided for under public law, the planning authority has the necessary information according to sentence 1 in the specialist plan or in an accompanying landscape plan in text and map to represent.

The large number of construction measures in road construction for which an LBP is required led to the fact that in this area of ​​the LBP with regard to procedure, presentation and qualitative characteristics, the guidelines for the construction of roads, part landscape maintenance, section 1: landscape maintenance accompanying plan ( RAS -LP 1) of the road construction administration has been largely standardized at federal and state level.

No accompanying landscape conservation plan in the narrower sense is drawn up for interventions that are decided on in accordance with § 18 BNatSchG on the basis of building law (specifically: the building code). This applies in particular to the methods of land-use planning, i.e. above all land use plans and development plans. Impacts and compensatory measures under these procedures are dealt with in the plan's environmental report.

The LBP in terms of RAS-LP 1

The RAS-LP 1 provides for a very close interlinking of the specialist planning of road construction with landscape planning in order to minimize interventions in nature and the landscape. The landscape maintenance support of a road construction project begins in the preliminary design phase. As a rule, route variants are to be examined here, which not only have to be checked in terms of construction technology and costs, but also for their environmental compatibility, in order to find decision criteria for the choice of a route. In this planning phase, the environmental impact assessment (EIA) examines the possible effects of all variants on the environment in order to identify low-conflict zones for the further development of planning.

In the design planning phase, the knowledge gained through the EIA is examined and analyzed again for effects on nature and the landscape through a refined inventory and assessment along the routes. The aim is to define options for further avoidance and minimization of impairments so that they can flow into the final route. Finally, the inevitable impairments are assessed and their compensation sought through suitable protective, compensatory and substitute measures. The measures to be planned are very different from project to project. This applies in particular to measures that serve to maintain and restore the landscape. Some typical examples show this very clearly.

Intervention minimization

  • Changing the alignment parameters in the position (axis) and height (gradient) in order to avoid conflict zones or to reduce the size of the intervention
  • Creation of species-appropriate crossings for ground-bound animals
  • Retention basin with pre-treatment (lightweight material separator) of the street sewage
  • Specifications for careful, site-specific maintenance of the side rooms

Protective measures

  • Wood protection, e.g. B. the maintenance of an intact forest eaves
  • Wildlife protection through the creation of protective fences
  • Transplantation of rare vegetation
  • Protection zones against habitats worth preserving

Compensatory measures

  • Complete recultivation of the areas that will become free in the course of the construction project
  • Taking areas out of intensive use in order to gain space for compensatory measures
  • Replace or create valuable habitats equally, e.g. B. Wetlands and spawning waters
  • Terrain modeling for landscaping redesign
  • Creation of green corridors accompanying the route

Replacement measures

  • take the measures that are not possible directly on the route at another point, but as close as possible to the fact that there is a spatial causal relationship

The implementation planning as the last planning phase serves to work through the project up to the ready-to-build solution, which is dealt with in the RAL-LP, section 2, landscape maintenance implementation . The LBP will be further developed into the Landscape Management Implementation Plan (LAP), although changes and additions are still possible if they meet the requirements of the LBP and represent an equivalent solution. The LAP contains all landscape maintenance measures that must be worked out in accordance with the ecological and design objectives of the LBP and incorporated into the construction process.

Planning process for creating the LBP

The fee schedule for architects and engineers ( HOAI ), § 26 (incl. Annex 9), service profile landscape maintenance accompanying plan gives a good overview of the scope of services and work flow when processing an LBP . The basic services that usually arise are listed here. However, one has to take into account that this is a general summary that covers a very diverse range of services. Within this range of services, there may be significant shifts in the focus of work on a project basis. This results from the local situation, the size of the planned measure, the sensitivity of the planning area in terms of nature and landscape protection to structural changes and also from the quality and scope of the available plans and preliminary studies.

1. Clarification of the task and determination of the scope of services

  • Delimitation of the planning area
  • Compilation of the available documents, in particular local and regional planning and investigations, thematic maps, aerial photographs and other data.
  • Determination of the scope of services and the additional specialist services
  • Preparation of a binding working paper
  • Site visits

In the first step, the available documents are examined and the effort and costs are determined that are necessary to supplement these documents and to plan the LBP itself.

2. Determination and evaluation of the planning basis

Inventory from existing documents and local surveys:

  • the natural balance in its interrelationships, in particular through landscape factors such as relief, terrain, rock, soil, surface waters, groundwater, climate as well as animals and plants and their habitats
  • of protected areas, protected landscape components and habitats worth protecting
  • the existing use and project
  • of the landscape and the structure of the landscape
  • of the objects of cultural significance
  • of ownership

In this planning phase, the inventory data, which are usually made available by the individual specialist authorities, are summarized and supplemented, e.g. B. through local investigations into the character and structure of the landscape, through biotope mapping and identification of the plant and animal species that are particularly sensitive to interventions in their habitat. In this context, the use of the landscape, the location and delimitation of protected areas and the existing threats must also be determined. The point of ownership is relevant because it makes it possible to foresee where compensatory and replacement measures are possible without any problems, or where these may be difficult or only long-term to implement.

Inventory valuation

  • Assessment of the efficiency and sensitivity of the natural balance and the landscape according to the goals and principles of nature conservation and landscape management.
  • Assessment of the existing impairments (previous pollution) of nature and landscape.
  • Summarizing presentation of the inventory and the inventory evaluation by means of text and plan documents.

The evaluation goes z. B. on the rarity of certain habitats, plants and animals, their ability to regenerate and endangerment situation (red list) as well as the size of the habitat and its development potential. The water quality, the importance of the groundwater resources for water extraction as well as the existing pollution, the climate and the air quality have to be taken into account in order to assess the sensitivity of an area to changes.

3. Determine and evaluate the intervention

  • Conflict analysis by determining and evaluating the expected impacts on the natural balance and the landscape in terms of type, scope, location and timing.
  • Conflict reduction by working out solutions to avoid or reduce impairment of the natural balance and the landscape in coordination with other specialist planning.
  • Determine the unavoidable impairments
  • Review of the delimitation of the investigation area
  • Summary presentation of the results of conflict analysis, conflict reduction and the unavoidable impairments in text and planning documents for coordination with the client.

For the conflict analysis, a preliminary technical plan must be available, which also shows the side rooms required for the building. Based on these plans z. For example, land consumption can be precisely determined and other influencing factors can be estimated with sufficient accuracy. Conflict reduction takes place in coordination with technical planning by changing the design parameters or the cross-sectional design, if z. For example, a wall instead of an embankment reduces space consumption in a sensitive area. The unavoidable impairments are determined in the same way on the basis of the changed technical plans.

4. Preliminary draft version

  • Working out the basic solution to the essential parts of the task with alternatives
  • Presentation and justification of nature conservation and landscape conservation measures according to type, scope, location and time sequence including biotope development and maintenance measures, in particular compensatory, replacement, design and protection measures as well as measures according to § 3, paragraph 2 (biotope network) of the Federal Nature Conservation Act :

(2) The biotope network serves to sustainably safeguard native animal and plant species and their populations, including their habitats and communities, as well as the preservation, restoration and development of functional ecological interrelationships.

  • Comparison of impairments and compensation including the presentation of remaining impairments that cannot be compensated.
  • Cost estimate
  • Coordination of the preliminary plan version with the client and the authorities responsible for nature conservation and landscape management.

In this planning phase, the planned measures are summarized and coordinated again with all those involved and affected. These are districts, municipalities and specialist authorities (public bodies), but also associations and interest groups from the field of nature and landscape protection, agriculture, water supply, etc., possibly also particularly affected persons.

5. Final drafting of the plan

  • Presentation of the LBP in the prescribed version by means of text and plan documents.

After the results of the hearing have been incorporated, both the technical draft and the final version of the LBP will be drawn up. These documents are summarized (draft folder) and form the basis for the approval of the building project.

criticism

The LBP has established itself as a planning instrument and is used in the sense of sustainable nature and landscape protection. His topic is now much more widely accepted by all those involved and affected by a construction project than was the case in 1976 when the Federal Nature Conservation Act was published.

The problem with LBP is that a good solution with minimal interventions in the environment requires very close cooperation between specialist planners with very different goals. Conflicts are predetermined when the building contractor, decision-making bodies, local politicians or influential associations favor a certain route at an early stage of the planning and thus limit landscape maintenance planning to a narrow corridor to minimize the impairment, where often only a certain damage limitation is possible.

An LBP requires the close interlinking of the planning, which is expressly required in the RAS-LP 1 for all planning phases. If the construction planning is too much in advance of the LBP, the planned route inevitably results in specifications that the landscape planner can only act against if there are serious deficiencies. This is where arguments such as additional costs and deadlines come into play in order to dissuade change requests. However, this one-sided preference for building planning can be very short-sighted. It must be emphasized here that, with a route that is well integrated into the landscape, the character of the route, for example, is conveyed much better to the road user and thus more traffic safety is achieved with the appropriate design of the side areas. The LBP must not be treated as a necessary evil, but rather as a means of optimizing planning. This insight was only able to gain acceptance among the specialist planners over time. The increasing awareness of environmental issues meant that the weighing up between technical aspects, costs and environmental compatibility is now usually carried out with a greater sense of responsibility for the environment.

A successful replacement measure is the Bullengraben green corridor , which was created between 2004 and 2007 by DB ProjektBau to compensate for the impairment in nature and landscape caused by the construction project for the high-speed line Hanover-Berlin in the Berlin district of Spandau . In 2009, Deutsche Bahn received the Gustav Meyer Prize for creating the entire facility, which has been awarded every two years since 1995 for excellently planned public green spaces and parks.

Norms and standards

  • FGSV (Hrsg.): Guideline for the construction of roads - part: Landscape maintenance, 1996, FGSV-Verlag Cologne
  • FGSV (Ed.): Leaflet on environmental impact studies in road planning , 2002, FGSV-Verlag Cologne

literature

  • Wolfgang Pietzsch (founder), Günter Wolf: Street planning. 7th, revised edition. Werner, Munich / Unterschleißheim 2005, ISBN 3-8041-5003-9 , p. 307 ff.
  • Henning Natzschka: Road construction. Design and construction engineering. 2nd, completely revised edition. Vieweg + Teubner, Stuttgart et al. 2003, ISBN 3-5191-5256-8 , p. 329 ff.

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