Bull pit

Bull pit
The bull pit at the trench cross, 2009
Data
Water code	DE : 5831120000
location	Berlin , Spandau district , districts: Staaken , Wilhelmstadt , Spandau
River system	Elbe
Drain over	Havel  → Elbe  → North Sea
source	Altstaaken , at the former Staaken-West hospital 52 ° 31 ′ 55 ″  N , 13 ° 8 ′ 16 ″  E
Source height	about  32  m above sea level NN
muzzle	In Wilhelmstadt between Schulenburg and Dischinger Bridge piped into the Havel Coordinates: 52 ° 31 '45 "  N , 13 ° 11' 59"  E 52 ° 31 '45 "  N , 13 ° 11' 59"  E
Mouth height	about  30  m above sea level NN
Height difference	about 2 m
Bottom slope	about 0.44 ‰
length	4.5 km
Catchment area	1.4 km²  ; entire green belt including backwaters: 2.3 km²
Discharge along the entire green corridor: 8.9 (2004)	MQ	5.6 l / s
Left tributaries	Stieglakegraben, Neustaakener Graben
Right tributaries	Ramingraben / Amalienhofgraben, Egelpfuhlgraben
Flowing lakes	Rose glass basin, meadow basin
Canalized drainage ditch . 2004–2007 in the Bullengraben green corridor renovated and renatured.

The Bullengraben is a moat that was cultivated in the 7th century in Berlin's glacial valley . It is located in the Berlin district of Spandau and leads from the old village center of Staakens for around five kilometers to the east to the Havel , into which it flows, in the last section underground, north of the Spandau castle wall . Used for centuries to ameliorate the damp lowland, the ditch has served as a drainage ditch since the 1960s to absorb rainwater from the surrounding Spandau city districts. The development of the areas around the Bullengraben reflects part of the Spandau settlement history.

Between 2004 and 2007, the trench, which was canalized in the 1960s and 1970s and then neglected, was rehabilitated by DB ProjektBau as part of a replacement measure . Parallel to the moat, the subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn laid the Bullengraben / Lindenufer green corridor, which is up to 200 meters wide, with playgrounds and sports fields, recreational areas, bridges, walkways and a path that goes to Elsflehter Weg . Bullengrabenweg (number 20 of the 20 green main paths in Berlin) is around four meters wide and paved with smooth asphalt and is available to pedestrians, cyclists and skaters . In the last section, the green corridor includes the Burgwallgraben and a 100 meter long promenade on the Havel. In addition, biotopes located in the green belt, such as the Stieglak basin and meadow basin, as well as feeding ditches such as the Egelpfuhlgraben, were renatured . In 2008, Deutsche Bahn received the Gustav Meyer Prize for creating the entire facility, which has been awarded every two years since 1995 for excellently planned public green spaces and parks. The award bears the name of Johann Heinrich Gustav Meyers , the first city horticultural director in Berlin.

Overview of the course of the trench and the green corridor

Green area at the Ziegelhof with the "Blumenbach" above the bull pit, which is piped here

Green corridor with Bullengraben (left) and sink garden

The Bullengraben runs between the streets of Heerstrasse and Brunsbütteler Damm . It begins northwest of the Altstaaken village church at the former Staaken-West hospital, but is overgrown for the first few meters and is hardly noticeable. The newly created Bullengraben green belt begins around a hundred meters east on Nennhauser Damm, from which a metal walkway leads down into the lowlands to a small sedimentation basin , which is the "symbol for the 'source' of the Bullengraben". From the basin, the ditch and the green corridor stretch around 4.5 kilometers in gentle loops to the east. In Staaken he passes the Staakener fields and the Louise Schroeder settlement. At the Grabenkreuz with the Egelpfuhlgraben and Neustaakener Graben, the green corridor leaves Staaken and forms the border between the districts of Spandau (north) and Wilhelmstadt (south) as far as the Havel, with the district boundary running in parts on the southern and in parts on the northern side of the ditch. Past the Spandau location in Klosterfelde, past new building areas and allotment garden colonies , the ditch reaches Elsflether Weg and the old building areas around Klosterstrasse. A total of 17 bridges cross the Bullengraben, some of which are designed as smaller wooden or metal bridges for foot connections to the allotments or neighboring settlements.

On the other side of Elsflether Weg, the ditch and green corridor lead around 50 meters further to the east and break off at the rear of the broad Klosterstrasse. From here, the trench runs underground, piped up to the Havel. To the east of Klosterstrasse, the pipes lie under the "green area at the Ziegelhof", which leads straight to the Havel. A “flow of flowers” ​​indicates the course of the underground tube. The interrupted green corridor continues on the Ziegelhof street along the moat that begins here to the southeast and, according to the description of a semicircle, also reaches the Havel after around 300 meters. The gap in the green corridor must be bypassed via Elsflether, Seeburger and Klosterstraße to the Ziegelhof (status: 2009), but should be closed according to plans by the district office.

Geology and natural location

The Bullengrabenniederung emerged from a former flow channel within the Vistula glacial Berlin glacial valley . The Bullengraben now flows against the original direction of flow of the glacial valley from west to east into the Havelrinne, a glacial channel that crosses the glacial valley without using it over a longer distance. It flows into the Havel around 800 meters south of the Spree . The glacial valley is made up of mighty sands that can reach a thickness of more than 20 meters. After the Ice Age, fens with peat and meadow lime deposits formed west of the Havel channel in the course of alluvial silting processes. While the eastern part of the glacial valley is traversed and drained by the Spree in the natural direction of flow, larger rivers are missing in the part to the west of the Havel. The extensive and formerly very damp and often flooded lowland area was only drained to the Havel by ditches such as the Bullengraben and the Spekte , which ran parallel to the Bullengraben about a kilometer north. The northern slope of the Nauener Platte , which borders the glacial valley here to the south, is on average around one kilometer from Bullengraben.

The lowlands of the Bullengraben, Egelpfuhl, Ziegelhof and Burgwallinsel on a map from 1836. The green-brown areas mark former vineyards on the northern slope of the Nauener Platte .

History of the bull pit and settlement history

Formerly an amelioration ditch and etymology

The Bullengraben, which was very likely artificially created in the glacial channel, has been used for the targeted amelioration of the damp lowlands west of the Havel and enabled pasture and haymaking at the latest since the Slavic settlement that began in the Havelland in the 7th century . The name is therefore traced back to the Slavic word for hay bales. According to another representation, the name is based on the fact that the ditch was used as a trough for bulls. Allegedly, the Bullengraben and the Spekte were part of an almost complete supraregional canal network that was connected to the Elbe via Nauen and the Havelländische Luch . According to Winfried Schich, there are no confirmations for these considerations :

“In Spandau, archaeologists believe that they can reconstruct canalised waterways beyond the Havel and Spree in the course of the lowlands of the Spekte and the Bullengraben leading to the west. The historian can say no more about this than about the question of whether the Brandenburg cultural landscape with its numerous moats and ramparts was even the legacy of a Bronze Age colonization with an agricultural irrigation system, as Klaus Goldmann thinks. The tangle of natural and artificial watercourses dug at different times in the marrow is not easy to resolve in terms of its genesis. "

- Winfried Schich: The Havel as a waterway in the Middle Ages: bridges, dams, mills, flood channels. 1992.

Former mouth at the Slavic settlement center

The mouth of the Bullengraben in the still complete moat on a map from 1842

Until the middle of the 19th century, the Bullengraben flowed into the northern part of the Burgwallgraben, which surrounded the Burgwallinsel in a semicircle. With the construction of the Berlin-Hamburg railway , this part of the moat was filled in around 1870. There is no longer a connection between the Bullengraben and the southern rest of the Burgwallgraben. The Burgwallinsel, one of the largest archaeological excavation sites in Berlin / Brandenburg at the end of the 20th century , formed the center of the Slavic settlement chamber in the Spandau area. In addition to this central castle, there was another Old Slavic settlement at Bullengraben between the 8th and 10th centuries on today's Cosmarweg.

“The Burgwallgraben is shown on the Spandau city map as follows: Close to the eastern edge of the high Havelland , separated from it by a narrow ditch, lies the island, which is elongated from northwest to southeast, and is bordered on the east by the Havel. A row of trees and bushes, mostly formed by willows, reminds us that the area here [...] was subdivided again. This old moat track is the actual boundary of today's castle wall area; it was called the Bullengraben. "

- Max Muth: Preliminary report on the test excavation on the castle wall in Spandau. 1963.

Klosterfeld and Ziegelhof

In the course of the German settlement in the east , the village of Stakene ( Staaken ) was first mentioned in 1273 in the source area of ​​the Bullengraben . In the first half of the 13th century , the Ascanian margraves donated the St. Mary's Benedictine monastery with a monastery church, enclosure and extensive farm yard in the area of ​​the mouth . On the land in front of the monastery gate between Bullengraben, Burgwallgraben and Havel, the Benedictine nuns ' arable gardens were located until the monastery was dissolved in 1590. With 60  arable hooves, they owned 11.5 hooves more than the city of Spandau in its field marrow . This included the crooked gardens marked on old maps , which were located directly on the Bullengraben. In the 15th century, nine small houses were laid out near the Krumme Gardens - probably the first residential buildings outside of Staaken, the monastery and the Spandau city wall. Around 1580, Rochus Graf zu Lynar , the builder of the citadel , acquired the nuns' arable land and grew wine here .

After Elector Georg Wilhelm had the old brick kiln on the Stresow demolished, in 1676 the Spandau City Council built the new council brickwork with an oven, a brick barn and four lime barns on the old monastery areas . Outflanked by the up-and-coming brickworks centers of Glindow and Werder , the city had the brick kiln demolished in 1755 and replaced with an orchard. The tenants of the land, which were often flooded by the Havel and Bullengraben, were now farmers and gardeners. The area was part of the monastery field and the Potsdam suburb, which from 1872 formed the 8th Spandau district. With the construction of Wilhelmstadt , the development of the areas at the former brick courtyard began in 1867.

Drainage Act 1811 and piping

The glass roof basin (retention basin) created in the 1960s, 2009

View from Hahneberg to the Bullengrabenniederung and the Louise-Schroeder-Siedlung in Staaken, 2009

In order to keep the meadow ditches free , Prussia had passed a flooding law in 1811 , which obliged the residents to clear the ditches in spring and autumn every year. The law was reprinted in public notices as late as 1863:

“The owners of properties in the Amt-Closterfelde, who are obliged as adjacents to clear the bull's ditch, are hereby requested to properly clear this year's ditch by October 1st at the latest. If the evacuation has not been carried out by this date, we will arrange for it at the expense of the defaulting party. "

- Royal Domain Rent Office. Notice. Spandau, August 19, 1863.

Despite the measures, large-scale floods could not be prevented, which in around 1870 reached from the Havel via Klosterstrasse (then: Potsdamer Chaussee ) to the Egelpfuhlwiesen. The main reason for this was the lack of flooding in the castle wall ditch after the embankments for the railway construction, so that the northern part of the castle wall ditch was filled in and the bull ditch was piped up to the Havel.

Channeling and functional change in the 20th century

The development of the meadows around the moat began at the beginning of the 20th century. After the construction of the Staaken airfield in 1915, it lost its function as a receiving water for the Staaken fields. Until the 1960s, the bank area remained largely undisturbed in its development and use as meadowland. With large-scale embankments to build on the Klosterfelder Wiesen and the adjacent area, the Bullengraben depression changed forever. The ditch was converted and expanded into a drainage ditch and channeled to absorb the rainwater that ran off the surface in the 1960s and 1970s. With the Stieglake, Wiesen and Ulriken basins, three retention basins were created. Due to the construction of large settlements and the increased supply of drinking water by the Spandau waterworks , the groundwater level of the Bullengraben valley fell, so that the vegetation of the valley changed significantly.

In the area of ​​the Staakener fields the Bullengraben ran next to the inner German border of the Staaken, which was divided between 1951 and 1990, on West Berlin territory. The ditch was completely overgrown in parts and in the 1980s / 1990s its lower reaches were also neglected. After German reunification , the city added other urban districts to the Bullengraben rainwater system.

Hydrology and ecology before rehabilitation and renaturation

All data on hydrology and ecology refer to studies that were carried out before the renovation and renaturation of the green corridor, which was completed in 2007 . Information on the impact of the measures on the water balance and biotope quality and specific data on the "ecological upgrading" carried out (see below) are not available.

Catchment area and rainwater drainage

The groundwater level of the Bullengraben depression in 1977 was in the area of ​​the groundwater contour lines 28.0 and 29.0 meters above sea level. After the canalization, the water table sank continuously and in 1978 reached a low of 3.4 to 4.3 meters below the ground. In 1989 the groundwater level was around 1.5 to 1.8 meters lower than it was 20 to 30 years earlier. The rainwater discharge into the sewer system, determined from the data of the ISU (Information System City and Environment Berlin). with the program ABIMO (water balance model) of the Federal Institute for Hydrology , and the catchment areas of the first receiving water in the area of ​​the green corridor in 2004:

Catchment area and rain runoff
	Bull pit	Stieglake ditch	Stieglake- pool	Meadow basin	Neustaakener Graben	Burgwall- dig
Catchment area m²	1,384,220	62,975	132,515	592,658	85.125	55,517
Rain runoff m³ / a (annual runoff)	174,818	8,018	19,713	67.025	5,422	6,082

This results in a catchment area of ​​1.4 km² for the Bullengraben and 2.3 km² for the entire green belt including tributaries (data as of December 2001, data as of August 30, 2004).

Water structure quality of the Bullengraben 2003

A water structure quality mapping according to the on-site procedure showed strong anthropogenic damage to the bull's ditch in 2003 with the average overall rating of “excessively damaged” (quality class 7 on a scale from one to seven). The bottom of the trench, which had fallen dry in 40 of 45 sections during the survey period, was “excessively damaged” in all sections (7). For the bank there was “excessive damage” (7) in 93.3% of the sections. In 11.1% of the sections, the country turned out to be “partially natural” (2) and, on average, “severely damaged” (6). The water environment parameter was rated “noticeably damaged” (5). The main parameters of running development, longitudinal profile and sole structures were "excessively damaged" in all sections (7). The bull pit was not “close to nature” (1) in any section or parameter. In addition to the Hellersdorfer Graben, the Bullengraben thus showed the highest level of damage among ten mapped smaller Berlin rivers.

Protected biotopes and protected green spaces

Wet meadow at Bullengraben in Staaken

" Protected green space " tulip sign on a platform facing the meadow basin

Biotope-protected meadow basin

The Berlin Landscape and Species Protection Program uses the Bullengraben as a connecting biotope for species of damp and wet locations (wet and wet meadows, swamp forests, ditches, lakes). The program indicates the code number 30a in brackets as the protection status. According to this marking, parts of the area are subject to the provisions of the specially protected biotopes as reservoirs of types of damp and wet locations according to Section 30a of the Berlin Nature Conservation Act (NatSchGBln, Section 30a old version; new version: Section 26a) .

In detail, the Senate Department for Urban Development in the area of ​​the Bullen- and Egelpfuhlgraben lists the following biotopes legally protected according to § 30a (or new according to § 26a) as of July 1995:

• Meadow at Bullengraben (biotope no. 08035), indicated protection ground: fresh meadow , wet meadow
• Bullengraben green corridor, sections (No. 08036 and 08039), protective ground: wet meadow
• Meadow basin on Magistratsweg (No. 08037), protective ground: reed beds
• Willow quarry at Bullengraben (No. 08038), protection ground: wet meadow, reed bed
• Pastures of the Egelpfuhlwiesen (No. 08042), protection ground: quarry forest
• Staakener fields (No. 08040), protection ground: grasslands

The Bullengraben green corridor, which opened in 2007, is listed with all branches as a " protected green area " according to the Berlin Green Area Act. The small scope of protection in relation to the nature reserve , biotope protection or landscape protection area leaves it to the Berlin districts, "for protection, maintenance and development measures of public green and recreational facilities [...] the size and importance of the [respective] facility, or appropriate park maintenance work Set up care guidelines. ” Numerous signs with a tulip symbol indicate the protection status.

Limnological aspects using the meadow basin as an example

In 1989, the Senate Administration had limnological studies carried out on the meadow basin, which is up to three meters deep . The protected biotope has an area of ​​1.5 hectares, 0.3 hectares of which are accounted for by the surface of the rainwater retention basin. The water level was largely constant even in months with little rain. The mean biovolume of the phytoplankton , the basis of the autochthonous food pyramid of a lake, dominated by green algae , was 10.6 mm³ / l in the main basin in 1989 and was thus below the mean value of Berlin's small water bodies (11.2 mm³ / l). The mean chlorophyll concentration was 64  µg / l and thus also below the Berlin mean of 89 µg / l. The zooplankton was dominated by ciliates in March , then by rotifers all year round . The oxygen concentration fluctuated strongly between 48 and 136% and indicated an on average undersaturated water body. The mean value for the total phosphorus concentration was 0.09 µg / l and for the total nitrogen concentration of 4.1 mg / l. The heavy metal concentration in the sediment and water turned out to be very high. Overall, the data show the characteristics of highly eutrophic ponds. The high level of heavy metals was due on the one hand to the heaped ground made of brick rubble and slag , and on the other to the rainwater that flowed in from the surrounding traffic areas.

Soils, flora and fauna

The information on soils, flora and fauna is based on studies within the framework of various protection, care and development concepts that were carried out in 1988/1989 on behalf of the Senate Department for Urban Development and Environmental Protection in parts of the ditch lowlands and in the biotopes.

Correlation soils - dominant plant communities

The substrates of the soils are meltwater sands, peat and sandy embankments. In the upper slopes there are relictic gullies , some of which are enriched with secondary limestone. Glazed colluvia follow in the middle slopes . The lower slope and foot of the slope determine colluvia, hortisols , Kalkregosole and Pararendzina over Moorgleyen and fens . In the Willow Quarry, the structure of the fen soils is largely undisturbed. The soils are well ventilated.

Dominant on Regosolen and Pararendzina: common red fescue

In soaky, nutrient-rich locations: common bluegrass (Poa trivialis)

With a pH value of 4.2 and 6.2 (in the Weidenbruch and the Egelpfuhlwiese up to 7), nutrients offered in the upper centimeters for shallow roots were between low and medium during the study period . With values ​​around and over 6 at a depth of one meter, the nutrient quantities in the deep-root area were moderate to high, in the southern part of the lowland medium to high.

On the Kalkregosolen, Regosolen and Pararendzina the sweetgrass common red fescue dominated . On vergleyten Kalkregosolen were joined Arrhenatheretalia - companies added (Fertilized fresh meadows and pastures). The regosole in the fen areas also determined the common red fescue, which is increasingly being displaced here on the embankment and bank edges by tall perennials such as the Canadian goldenrod and the great nettle , partly by the common ball of grass , the creeping couch grass and the giant goldenrod has been. The Naßgleygley and Moorgleye shaped reed - and Seggenriedgesellschaften ( Phragmitetea ) with reed , reed canary grass , marsh sedge , loosestrife and purple loosestrife and flood grass (Agrostietalia stoloniferae), on the White bent grass dominated the Kennart this plant community.

Other plant communities and endangered plants

In very humid locations such as the meadow at Bullengraben or the meadow basin, willow plants with broken willow and ash willow as well as ash-maple stands were added, and black elderberry occasionally in the shrub layer . Some locations formed Molinietalia fragment societies ("Nasse Staudenfluren, Nass- and Riedwiesen") with the species yellow meadow rue , true meadowsweet and cabbage thistle as well as Arrhenatherion elatioris fragment societies (valley fat meadows, planar and submontane glatth oat meadows ) with parsley and meadow hogweed . A pipe grass relict society existed on the Egelpfuhlwiese . On wet meadows there were also: yellow meadow rue, real medicinal valerian , spicy buttercup , pennywort and woolly honeydew grass .

In spring the common bluegrass ( Poa trivialis) formed a largely closed lawn in soaked, nutrient-rich locations. In Magnocaricion societies (Niedermoor-Großseggenrieder) slender and two-line sedges predominated. Numerous species of evening primrose grew on the landfill . Ornamental plants such as lilac , golden currant , blackthorn or purge buckthorn were planted in the peripheral areas . The moss flora was rather poor in species and more numerous only in the heaped up edge areas. A dense duckweed carpet covered bodies of water such as the meadow basin or, in the overflow phases of spring, the willow break at the moat cross. On the up to three meters deep meadow basin on the northwestern bank, yellow pond roses - like all water lily plants in Germany, are protected - the water surface. In 2009 the green corridor will be accompanied in parts by trees with oaks , pears and ornamental cherries .

Of the total of over 220 identified plant species in 1989, around 30 were listed as rare or endangered on the Red List of Threatened Species . According to the current Berlin Red List (status: 2001), these include the greenish yellow sedge and the flesh-colored orchid (both detected on the Egelpfuhlwiese in 1989 ) as threatened with extinction, the broken willow as extremely rare , the swamp flat pea as highly endangered and as endanger the marsh marigold , the yellow meadow rue , the two-row sedge , the cuckoo's light carnation and the flower of the year 2005, the large rattling pot . In the early warning stage , the state of Berlin has the false cypergrass sedge and the ball bulrush .

Species poor fauna

Lurch of the year 2007: Common Garlic Toad

Evidence in the willow quarry: critically endangered great golden snake

The Faunistic Working Group, which carried out the investigations in 1988/1989, classified the largely redeveloped area as "of no particular importance" for the population of most animal species. There were remarkable occurrences among the birds with the marsh warbler , which prefers moist tall herbaceous meadows and is listed in the Berlin Red List in the early warning stage of declining stocks. There was also evidence for the reed warbler and reed warbler, as well as for the bag tit , which finds its preferred combination of different silting societies in the lowlands. On biotope meadow pool was located next moorhens and coots that on the early warning list Related little grebe . The working group also observed the common frog , which has been on the current Berlin Red List due to a continuously good population development since 1991, at the meadow basin. The pond newt from the class of amphibians could also be detected in all small bodies of water. The meadow basin also formed a spawning area for the strictly nocturnal spotted toad , which the German Society for Herpetology and Terrarium Studies named amphibian of the year in 2007 due to its high level of endangerment . Another Froschlurch after the Habitats Directive of strict protection toad , used the water bottom to store the spawning cords .

All biotopes have proven to be valuable for the living conditions of the ground beetles , long beetles and weevils . In the humid biotopes, high proportions of phytophagous and hygrophilic species were found, including the matt black, glossy flat-leaf creeper ( Agonum lugens ), which is endangered in Berlin and prefers eutrophic or mesotrophic silting zones. There was also evidence of the endangered Heyden's slender weevil ( Mecinus heydeni Wenck ), which needs real toadflax as a forage plant , and for the endangered long beetle Taenapion rufulum ( syn .: Apion rufulum ) on its forage plant small nettle . Grasshoppers formed average occurrences in the meadows, including the long-winged swordfish , Roesel's bite and the white-rimmed grasshopper . Brown grasshoppers and field grasshoppers predominated on the dry lawn . The mole cricket , which has so far rarely been proven in Berlin and is classified as being at risk , was found in the soil of the Egelpfuhlwiesen. In addition, there were records in the Willow Quarry of the endangered great gold snake , which prefers wetlands and fresh to moderately dry meadows. A special feature among the spinning of the area easily finds the vulnerable Marbled Spider (Araneus marmoreus) represents. With regard to the aquatic insects and molluscs is in Berlin highly endangered , disc-shaped anisus spirorbis noteworthy that could be detected in pools at the Egelpfuhlwiese and Weidenbruch. Among the water beetles , there were occurrences of Berlin endangered species Agabus fuscipennis and Cybister lateralimarginalis and the dragonflies of the highly endangered small Pechlibelle and the endangered Spotted somatochlora .

Bullengraben / Lindenufer green corridor

Planning, implementation and award

The Spandau district office had been planning the development and rehabilitation of the neglected bull ditch and the renaturation of its protected biotopes since the early 1980s. The project failed due to the district's lack of financial resources. However, with a view to realizing it at a later date, the district has already bought some land that has become free. In 1996, after months of negotiations, the Spandau Green Spaces Office convinced Deutsche Bahn to implement the plan as a substitute for nature conservation law for the damage to nature and the landscape caused by the construction of the high-speed line from Hanover to Berlin .

Plastic bull pit bull by Sebastian Kulisch. Unveiled as a sign of the green corridor when it opened on June 7, 2007

Refurbished green corridor on Egelpfuhlstrasse, 2009

Work began in October 2004. In June 2007, the opening and the handover to the public took place. The client was the Deutsche Bahn subsidiary DB ProjektBau . The structural planning and management of the structures was the responsibility of Dr. Herold AG , Department of Structural Engineering, and at the Senate Department for Bridge Construction. The work was carried out in cooperation with the Senate Department for Urban Development, the Supreme Nature Conservation Authority, the Spandau District Office and the Berlin Nature Conservation and Green Space Office. The overall planning and project control was carried out by the state-owned service company for open space development, Grün Berlin GmbH, which in turn commissioned five different offices or companies for landscape architecture / garden design with the implementation of the individual construction phases. The design, renovation and renaturation took place in six construction phases, each with a formative focus on landscape design. With sections two to five, four sections were on the Bullengraben itself, while section one comprised the Burgwallgraben and the Havelufer (Lindenufer) and section six comprised the Egelpfuhlgraben, which branches off to the south at the moat cross. Today, all six sections are collectively referred to as "Bullengraben green corridor", sometimes as "Bullengraben / Lindenufer green corridor". The total investment for all six sections was around 7.5 million euros. A total of 21.33 hectares were qualitatively and ecologically upgraded. In some places, the geometric shape of the bull's ditch has been broken up so that ecologically valuable lowland areas with moisture-loving plants can be created. The measures included in detail:

• Tree plantings: 757 pieces
• Footpaths and cycle paths: 33,270 m²
• Planting measures on: 82,215 m²
• Maintenance measures on: 103,650 m²
• Play areas on: 3,700 m²
• Bridges, footbridges, platforms: 14 pieces

At a ceremony by the Berlin Senate on May 20, 2009, Deutsche Bahn received the Gustav Meyer Prize 2008 in the category for systems up to five years old for designing the green corridor. The prize has been awarded every two years since 1995 for outstandingly planned and extraordinary public green spaces and parks and bears the name of Johann Heinrich Gustav Meyers , the first urban horticultural director in Berlin.

Sections

After the renovation, the concrete floor of the bull pit is 1.30 meters wide and 40 centimeters high. In the first section, the dimensions of the trench do not go significantly beyond the bottom values. After the Stieglak basin and in the following sections, the floor is embedded in a trench that is over ten meters wide and around two meters deep. The width of the entire green corridor varies between around 30 and 200 meters. The total length of the route with all secondary sections is around eight kilometers.

Section 1: Symbolic spring, Staakener fields, Stieglak basin

Settling basin , symbolic source in Staaken

Meadow area at the Louise-Schröder-Siedlung, flooding area if required

Bridge extension of the Spieroweg

The Bullengraben green corridor begins east of the Staaken village church on Nennhauser Damm, from which a metal walkway leads through an old linden grove into the lowlands. The footbridge ends in a square with benches and trees, which is followed by a wooden plateau over a ten-meter-wide sedimentation basin . At this point the Bullengraben has already crossed the Nennhauser Damm in a pipe. The pipe flows into the small pond, which, according to the executive office Grigoleit Landschaftsarchitekten, "becomes a symbol for the 'source' of the bull's ditch". After the sedimentation basin, the renovated part of the bull ditch begins. The green corridor then runs through rural areas and includes the remains of the remaining Staakener fields. Surrounded by the village development of Altstaakens in the south and the Louise-Schroeder-Siedlung in the north, the green corridor opens into a wide meadow with strips of reeds and rushes. If necessary, the meadow area can be flooded so that high rainwater runoff can be held back and drained off to the Havel with a delay. Halfway along an elongated wooden walkway leads across the wet meadows to the predominantly four-story apartment buildings in the settlement, which was expanded at the end of the 1960s to include Südekumzeile and Zweiwinkelweg as far as the Staakener fields.

The main path, accompanied by rhythmically linear ash trees , leads to the Stieglak basin, which marks the end of the section and which is accessible from the north side. The pond is fed by the approx. 700 meter long Stieglakegraben branching off to the north, which was included in the Bullengraben green area and equipped with an accompanying path. The design focus of the 6.8 hectare first construction phase is the symbolic representation of the source and the emphasis on the rural surroundings.

Section 2: From Country to City

The second section leads from the Stieglakebecken to Magistratsweg and addresses the transition from the country to the city. The Weidinger Landschaftsarchitekten office used " texture changes in the vegetation in a west-east direction" as a means of design, with willow, reed and lawn planting becoming increasingly fine-grained in transition and conveying a gradual change of mood. At the beginning of this section, separated by the branch to the Stieglakegraben, the Stieglakegraben is followed by the protected biotope Wiese am Bullengraben. While the development to the north of the trench is becoming increasingly dense and closer to the green corridor, green spaces open to the south around the Ramingraben / Amalienhofgraben, which extend to Heerstrasse . On the Spieroweg / Dörbeckweg , a dense development on the south bank neutralizes the rural character. Before Magistratsweg and adjacent to the youth center Scholl-Home / Art School Sophie-Scholl extensive play and sports surfaces lie with two small football or hockey fields, a basketball court, with skate - and BMX - Pipes , ping pong tables, a playground and a toboggan hill in the green corridor.

Section 3, part 1: meadow basin and moat cross

The design of the section from Magistratsweg to Päwesiner Weg was done by Grigoleit Landschaftsarchitekten , who had already carried out the first section. The meadow basin, the moat cross and the Bullengraben floodplain are characteristic of this part of the green corridor. The landscape architects carefully included the biotope-protected and still inaccessible meadow basin in the planning. Footbridges and plateaus that cut into the bank thicket reveal views of the long-hidden pond and its reeds. On Baluschekweg the house building stops and the lowland opens into the grave cross from Bull ditch Egelpfuhlgraben and Neustaakener ditch. The cross divides the room into four differently shaped areas. The wilderness of the willow break, short mowed grass with loosely distributed individual trees, wet meadows with reeds and a plantation with ornamental grasses stand in contrast to each other. An elongated boardwalk leads into the narrow valley of the Egelpfuhlgraben, which branches off to the south.

Branch section 6: Egelpfuhlgraben

Footbridge over the Egelpfuhlgraben to the Weidenbruch at the moat cross

Green corridor at the Egelpfuhlgraben

Sunken garden in section 3

From the moat cross, the approximately 150-meter-long boardwalk leads past pastures and tall reeds through the frequently flooded willow quarry. The subsequent, ramshackle paved path has also been replaced by an asphalt surface for pedestrians and cyclists, which accompanies the Egelpfuhlgraben along its entire length of around one kilometer to the south. After a narrow path at the beginning, the green corridor widens in places to 50 meters. On the west side, the arbours follow the 'Kolonie am Baluschekweg', after which the green corridor leads close to the apartment blocks on Baluschekweg. The east side is characterized by an open green area. After a swivel to the southeast on Lutoner Straße, the green corridor reaches the Egelpfuhlwiesen and the Grabenquelle in front of Seeburger Weg.

The executing ARGE planning office Förster & maigrün upgraded the section in addition to the layout of the path and play and rest areas through extensive clearing and maintenance measures in the embankment area of ​​the Egelpfuhlgraben. The measures made the course of the ditch and its trees visible again. Seating walls made of concrete blocks emphasize the entrance on Seeburger Weg . After 70,000 flower bulbs have been planted, the lawns turn into a sea of ​​flowers in spring. The zoning plan takes into account the requirements of the "protected green area":

“The planning goal is a careful rounding of the residential areas in the area of ​​the Egelpfuhlwiesen green corridor, adapted to the local situation , which enables additional residential development to the east of Seeburger Weg. The Egelpfuhlwiesen green corridor as part of a large-scale green network will continue to be displayed according to its function and value. [...] The compatibility of the residential building area W3 with the objectives of nature conservation is guaranteed and implemented within the framework of the binding land-use planning. "

- Senate Department for Urban Development. Land use plan - changes to Seeburger Weg. 2002/2003.

Section 3, Part 2: Bullengraben-Bull, Senkgarten and Ulrikenbecken

At the Bullengraben itself, east of Egelpfuhlstrasse, a rust-brown steel bull stands out from the green meadow, the plastic Bullengraben-Bull by the artist Sebastian Kulisch. Konrad Birkholz , District Mayor of Spandau, unveiled the figure on June 7, 2007 as a symbolic sign for the opening of the green corridor.

The development continues here on both sides of the green corridor. On the north side, allotment garden colonies alternate with loosened industrial areas, while the south side defines multi-family houses. The otherwise narrow ditch, accompanied by high dams, widens here. The southern embankment was flattened and shifted to the south, so that a large controlled flood area, the Bullengraben-Aue, was created. On a new, centrally located dam, the path leads past wild fruit meadows and a sunken garden with old ornamental and fruit trees, which is laid out with red concrete armchairs as a relaxation and resting area. The sunken garden is spanned by a wooden walkway that leads into the main path. On the other side of the path, a steel bridge over the Bullengraben, which leads to the allotment garden colony 'Freie Scholle', continues the bridge. Separated by a narrow earth wall, the sink garden with the Ulriken basin is followed by another depression. Characteristic for this basin are a mighty willow and its dense reeds. After the Ulriken basin, the green corridor narrows through allotment gardens, which now also follow on the south side, to a width of around 80 meters until Päwesiner Weg . The construction costs for the 9.1 hectare area were 1.625 million euros.

Section 4: Up to the Spandau settlement core

Access to the green corridor on Elsflether Weg

The one-kilometer-long and up to 200-meter-wide section between Päwesiner Weg and Klosterstrasse, where the green corridor reaches the center of Spandau , emphasizes the difference in height between the valley and the surrounding urban landscape. The difference in height between the valley and the surrounding area is not due to a natural deepening, but to the muddy ground that was built up for urban construction . The difference in altitude increases with the age of the city from west to east and is particularly evident at the interfaces between the Bullengraben and the crossroads as well as on the large lowland meadow with older trees, the defining landscape element. A footbridge leads through the lower-lying meadow to the northern promenade, which the Häfner / Jimenez office for landscape architecture , which is responsible for the section, has equipped with benches and varied shrubs. Fruit trees such as ornamental cherries and pears dominate the entrance areas. The central asphalt path is accompanied by lawns and avenues of trees. On the north side of the monastery fields, four allotment garden colonies border the green corridor, while smaller commercial areas define the south side. On the Päwesiner and Elsflether Weg, small sandy areas with play equipment complement the leisure offer. The construction costs of the section were around 1.5 million euros.

Section 5: Am Ziegelhof, Burgwallgraben, Havel

Mouth of the moat into the Havel on the banks of the Linden

After the break on Klosterstrasse, the green corridor leaves Bullengraben and loops from Ziegelhof in a south-eastward direction towards the Havel. A promenade replaces the asphalt path and accompanies the remaining part of the moat in sharp-edged turns. The landscape architectural concept of Topotek 1, Gesellschaft von Landschaftsarchitekten mbH , underlines the atmospheric character of an elongated space shaped by water. In the lower part of the moat, which is accessible for pleasure boats, the landscape architects built a large water staircase into the embankment. “The path opens up towards the Havel and becomes an urban promenade with bright yellow park benches according to the standards of the water.” As of 2009, the Havel section is around 30 meters, the extension to the south to the Schulenburg Bridge is under construction. On the other side of the mouth of the castle wall, the lime promenade continues to the north. This promenade was completed in 2006, also as a replacement measure by Deutsche Bahn. As there is still no bridge over the moat, this section can only be reached by bypassing most of the moat.

Integration into the Berlin road network and development concept

The Bullengrabenweg , which accompanies the ditch and green corridor, is one of the 20 main green paths in Berlin under number 20 , which are largely marked and marked with blue and white stickers with the corresponding number. The road connections still have some gaps, for which substitute and bypass routes are specified.

The Bullengrabengrünzug meets the Havelseenweg (Hauptweg 12) on the Lindenuferpromenade . In the further network of paths and green spaces, there is a gap between the linden bank and the Tiefwerder Wiesen landscape protection area on the southeastern side of the Havel. In a plan for the West Berlin area , the Senate Department for Urban Development proposed a direct connection in 2004:

End of the green corridor on the Havel-Lindenufer and transition to the Havelseenweg , green main path no.12

"The Bullengrabengrünzug could be connected to Tiefwerder , the Murellenschlucht and the proposed high path on the slope of the Teltow by a footbridge over the Havel and encourage long walks to Charlottenburg Palace [...]."

- Senate Department for Urban Development: Planwerk Westraum Berlin. 2004

Via the Spreewanderweg (Hauptweg 01), the Bullengrabengrünzug would be connected to the western city of Berlin and the E11 European hiking trail via Charlottenburg Palace and the Great Zoo . To the north, the Havelseenweg (main route 12) connects with the Heiligenseer Weg (main route 03). To the south there is a connection to the Wannseeweg (Hauptweg 11) via the Havelhöhenweg through the Grunewald and to the southwest via the Berlin Wall Trail , which the Bullengraben crosses at its Staaken symbolic source (sedimentation basin), or via the Ramingraben / Amalienhofgraben a connection to the Hahneberg green area and the Spandauer Weg (Hauptweg 02) on the northern edge of the Nauener Platte . In addition, the green corridor is only around 1200 meters away from the western Berlin border, so the city is planning a connection towards the Dallgower Niederung . With the implementation, the Bullengraben green corridor will network the city of Berlin in an almost continuous green belt with the Döberitzer Heide and the Seeburg agricultural landscape.

literature

• Elke Hickisch, Reinhard Hanke: Investigations into the development of the brick yard and the bull ditch in Spandau. Landscape and stories. Ed .: District Office Spandau von Berlin, Dept. Building and Housing - Horticultural Office. Berlin 1987.
• Adriaan von Müller , Klara von Müller-Muci: excavations, finds and scientific investigations on the castle wall in Berlin-Spandau. Ed .: Klaus Goldmann, Alfred Kerndl. Wissenschaftsverlag Volker Spieß, Berlin 1998 ISBN 3-89166-068-5
• Protection, care and development concept: Egelpfuhlwiese. Part: soil / vegetation. Client: Senate Department for Urban Development and Environmental Protection, Section III A. Contractor: Wolfgang Linder, Nonno Schacht. Berlin 1990.
• Protection, care and development concept: Egelpfuhlwiese. Part: The faunistic aspects. Client: Senate Department for Urban Development and Environmental Protection, Section III A. Contractor: Faunistic Working Group Berlin (FAB). Berlin 1990.
• Protection, care and development concept: Willow break at Bullengraben. Part: soil / vegetation. Client: Senate Department for Urban Development and Environmental Protection, Section III A. Contractor: Wolfgang Linder, Nonno Schacht. Berlin 1990.
• Protection, care and development concept: Willow break at Bullengraben. Part: The faunistic aspects. Client: Senate Department for Urban Development and Environmental Protection, Section III A. Contractor: Faunistic Working Group Berlin (FAB). Berlin 1990.
• Protection, care and development concept: Meadow at Bullengraben. Part: soil / vegetation. Client: Senate Department for Urban Development and Environmental Protection, Section III A. Contractor: Wolfgang Linder, Nonno Schacht. Berlin 1990.
• Protection, care and development concept: Meadow at Bullengraben. Part: The faunistic aspects. Client: Senate Department for Urban Development and Environmental Protection, Section III A. Contractor: Faunistic Working Group Berlin (FAB). Berlin 1990.
• Protection, maintenance and development concept: meadow basin at Bullengraben. Part: soil / vegetation. Client: Senate Department for Urban Development and Environmental Protection, Section III A. Contractor: Wolfgang Linder, Nonno Schacht. Berlin 1990.
• Protection, maintenance and development concept: meadow basin at Bullengraben. Part: The faunistic aspects. Client: Senate Department for Urban Development and Environmental Protection, Section III A. Contractor: Faunistic Working Group Berlin (FAB). Berlin 1990.
• Protection, maintenance and development concept: meadow basin at Bullengraben. Part: Limnology. Final report. Client: Senate Department for Urban Development and Environmental Protection, Section III A. Scientific Director: Wilhelm Ripl . Berlin 1990.
• Wolfgang Ribbe (Ed.): Slavic castle, state fortress, industrial center. Studies on the history of the city and district of Spandau. Colloquium-Verlag, Berlin 1983, ISBN 3-7678-0593-6 .

Web links

Commons : Bullditch  - Collection of pictures, videos, and audio files

• Green corridor Bullengraben Brief description from Grün Berlin (accessed September 28, 2009)
• Bullengraben, construction sections 1–5 (PDF; 317 kB) bdla Bund Deutscher Landschaftsarchitekten, Landesgruppe Berlin-Brandenburg: Garden worlds - something new in the west. New parks in the Berlin district of Spandau. Exhibition and garden tours, September 22 and 23, 2007, p. 2; accessed September 28, 2009

References and comments

1. ↑ ^{a b} Grigoleit Landschaftsarchitekten (PDF; 448 kB) Bullengraben green corridor, section 1.
2. ↑ ^{a b} Häfner / Jimenez, Büro für Landschaftsarchitektur ( Memento of the original from September 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Homepage. See projects, section green corridor bull ditch, text blocks next to the individual images. 
3. ↑ Elke Hickisch, Reinhard Hanke: Investigations on ... , p. 26.
4. ↑ Protection, care and development concept: Wiese am Bullengraben. ... , p. 1.
5. ↑ allpress.de A new green corridor is being built across Berlin's Spandau district along Bullengraben, Egelpfuhlgraben and Burgwallgraben . Press release by Deutsche Bahn, December 9, 2004
6. ↑ Brandenburgisches Namenbuch , Part 10, The names of the waters of Brandenburg . Lim. by Gerhard Schlimpert. Arranged by Reinhard E. Fischer . Hermann Böhlaus Nachf., Weimar 1996, ISBN 3-7400-1001-0 , p. 46
7. ↑ Elke Hickisch, Reinhard Hanke: Investigations on ... , pp. 26, 28.
8. ↑ Winfried Schich : The Havel as a waterway in the Middle Ages: bridges, dams, mills, flood channels. Inaugural lecture at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Philosophical Faculty I, Institute for Historical Studies, November 24, 1992, p. 7 Excerpt (PDF; 299 kB) The complete text with all documents is in the Yearbook for Brandenburg State History, Volume 45 (1994) published.
9. ↑ Elke Hickisch, Reinhard Hanke: Investigations on ... , p. 32.
10. ^ Eberhard Bohm: Spandau in Slavic times . In: Slavic castle, state fortress, industrial center. Investigations ... pp. 24 f, 39, 53.
11. ↑ Max Muth: Preliminary report on the test excavation on the castle wall in Spandau. In: Berliner Blätter für Pre- und Frühgeschichte 10, 1963, Issue 1, Berlin 1963, p. 6.
12. ^ Felix Escher: Piety and cultural life in Spandau before the Reformation . In: Slavic castle, state fortress, industrial center. Investigations ... , pp. 145–147.
13. ↑ Elke Hickisch, Reinhard Hanke: Investigations on ... , p. 2, 20
14. ↑ Elke Hickisch, Reinhard Hanke: Investigations on ... , pp. 8, 21, 24.
15. ↑ Quoted from: Elke Hickisch, Reinhard Hanke: Investigations on ... , p. 32.
16. ↑ Elke Hickisch, Reinhard Hanke: Investigations on ... , p. 32f.
17. ↑ ^{a b} Protection, care and development concept: Wiese am Bullengraben. ... , p. 1 f.
18. ↑ Elke Hickisch, Reinhard Hanke: Investigations on ... , p. 38 f, 43.
19. ↑ ^{a b} Elmar Schütze: Bullengraben is greened. Bahn pays for the construction of a public park. In: Berliner Zeitung , August 16, 1996.
20. ↑ Environmental information from the federal government and the federal states, StA UIS ( Memento of the original from May 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Berlin - Information System City and Environment 
21. ↑ Environmental Atlas . ( Microsoft Excel ; 75 kB) Senate Department for Urban Development, table of rainwater discharges in the sewer system, data as of December 2001, data as of August 30, 2004.
22. ↑ Water structure quality mapping of small rivers using the on-site method . Final report. (PDF; 1.7 MB) Informus GmbH. On behalf of the Senate Department for Urban Development. Berlin, December 10, 2003, pp. 10, 12 f, 26.
23. ↑ Landscape Program , Species Protection Program 1994. (PDF; 2.2 MB) Senate Department for Urban Development and Environmental Protection, pp. 55, 72 f, 79.
24. ↑ Berlin Nature Conservation Act ( Memento of the original from June 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) Announcement of the new version of the Berlin Nature Conservation and Landscape Management Act (Berlin Nature Conservation Act - NatSchGBln). January 30, 1979, as amended October 28, 2003. 
25. ↑ Environmental Atlas . ( Microsoft Excel ; 103 kB) Senate Department for Urban Development, Table 5: Section 30a Biotopes in Berlin, status: July 1995.
26. ↑ Law on the Protection, Maintenance and Development of Public Green and Recreational Facilities (Green Area Act - GrünanlG) Berlin (PDF; 51 kB) of November 24, 1997 (GVBl. P. 612) amended by Art. XLVIII of the law of 16. July 2001 (GVBl. P. 260), Section 27 (2) of the law of September 16, 2004 (GVBl. P. 391) and Section 15 (1) of the law of September 29, 2004 (GVBl. P. 424).
27. ↑ Protection, maintenance and development concept: meadow basin at Bullengraben. Part: Limnology. ... p. 3, 4.
28. ↑ Protection, maintenance and development concept: meadow basin at Bullengraben. Part: soil / vegetation. ... p. 3.
29. ↑ ^{a b c} Unless otherwise specified, the data from the protection, care and development concepts for the individual biotopes from 1990 listed under “Literature” have been compiled.
30. ↑ Protection, care and development concept: Wiese am Bullengraben. ... p. 3.
31. ↑ Protection, care and development concept: Willow break at Bullengraben. ... p. 3.
32. ^ Rüdiger Prasse, Michael Ristow: List of wild growing vascular plants of the state of Berlin with red list. (PDF; 10.2 MB) The State Commissioner for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management / Senate Department for Urban Development (Ed.). Kulturbuch-Verlag, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-88961-137-0 .
33. ↑ Unless otherwise specified, the data from the protection, care and development concepts listed under “Literature” (parts: The faunistic aspects ) for the individual biotopes from 1990 are compiled.
34. ^ Klaus Witt: Red list and list of breeding birds (Aves) of Berlin. ( Memento from January 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 412 kB) 2nd version, November 17, 2003. In: The State Commissioner for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management / Senate Department for Urban Development (Ed.): Red Lists of Endangered Plants and Animals from Berlin.
35. ↑ Klaus-Detlef Kühnel, Andreas Krone, Axel Biehler: Red list and total species list of amphibians and reptiles of Berlin. ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 146 kB) As of December 2003. In: The State Commissioner for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management / Senate Department for Urban Development (ed.): Red lists of endangered plants and animals in Berlin. P. 6. 
36. ^ Karl-Hinrich Kielhorn: Red list and list of total species of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Berlin. (PDF; 457 kB) As of September 2004. In: The State Commissioner for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management / Senate Department for Urban Development (ed.): Red lists of endangered plants and animals in Berlin.
37. ↑ Protection, maintenance and development concept: meadow basin at Bullengraben. Part: The faunistic aspects ... p. 9.
38. ↑ Christoph Bayer, Herbert Winkelmann: Red list and list of total species of weevils (Curculionoidea) from Berlin.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) Processing status March 2004. In: The State Commissioner for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management / Senate Department for Urban Development (Ed.): Red lists of endangered plants and animals in Berlin. The list incorrectly refers to Taeniapion rufulum as Taenapion rufulum .  
39. ↑ Bernd Machatzi, Andreas Ratsch u. a .: Red list and total species list of grasshoppers and crickets (Saltatoria: Ensifera et Caelifera) from Berlin. (PDF; 241 kB) Processing status: September 2004. In: The State Commissioner for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management / Senate Department for Urban Development (Ed.): Red lists of endangered plants and animals in Berlin.
40. ↑ Ralph Platen, Bodo von Broen: Total species list and red list of weavers and harvestmen (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones) of the state of Berlin. ( Memento of the original from July 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 574 kB) Editing status: October 2002. In: The State Commissioner for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management / Senate Department for Urban Development (Ed.): Red Lists of Endangered Plants and Animals in Berlin. 
41. ↑ Eva Hackenberg, Volker Herdam: Red List of Endangered Molluscs - Snails & Mussels (Mollusca - Gastropoda & Bivalvia) in Berlin ( Memento of the original from February 20, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 236 kB) Processing status: December 2003. In: The State Commissioner for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management / Senate Department for Urban Development (ed.): Red lists of endangered plants and animals in Berlin. 
42. ↑ Lars Hendrich: Red list and total species list of the water beetles of Berlin (Coleoptera: Hydradephaga, Hydrophiloidea part., Staphylinoidea part., Dryopoidea part.). ( Memento of the original from January 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 938 kB) Processing status: September 2004. In: The State Commissioner for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management / Senate Department for Urban Development (ed.): Red lists of endangered plants and animals in Berlin. 
43. ↑ Peter Jahn Red List and List of Complete Species of Dragonflies (Odonata) from Berlin ( Memento of the original from January 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 250 kB) Processing status: March 2004. In: The State Commissioner for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management / Senate Department for Urban Development (Ed.): Red lists of endangered plants and animals in Berlin. 
44. ↑ Grün Berlin GmbH green corridor Bullengraben.
45. ↑ ^{a b} Deutsche Bahn press release: Deutsche Bahn receives 1st prize for compensation measure. Gustav Meyer Prize 2008 for Bullengraben green corridor in Spandau. May 20, 2009.
46. ↑ ^{a b c d} Bullengraben, construction stages 1–5  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 317 kB) Page 2 in: bdla Bund Deutscher Landschaftsarchitekten, Landesgruppe Berlin-Brandenburg: Garden Worlds - Something New in the West. New parks in the Berlin district of Spandau. Exhibition and garden tours, September 22 and 23, 2007.  
47. ↑ Grünzug Bullengraben ( Memento of the original from June 20, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Brief description, dates and map at berlin.de. 
48. ↑ Press box, archive Senate Department for Urban Development: Gustav Meyer Prize awarded for exceptional green spaces . May 20, 2009.
49. ↑ ag.u Berlin ag.u Lange, landscape architecture and environmental planning, Bullengraben green corridor.
50. ↑ The Südkumzeile bears the name of the politician and resistance fighter Albert Südekum (1871–1944).
51. ↑ Grigoleit Landschaftsarchitekten (PDF; 448 kB) Bullengraben green corridor, section 1. See detailed map on the top right.
52. ↑ The Spieroweg bears the name of the literary historian and writer Heinrich Spiero (1876–1947).
53. ↑ The Dörbeckweg bears the name of the caricaturist and painter Franz Burchard Dörbeck (1799–1835).
54. ↑ Geschwister-Scholl-Heim homepage.
55. ↑ The Baluschekweg bears the name of the painter and writer Hans Baluschek (1870–1935).
56. ↑ ^{a b} Grigoleit Landschaftsarchitekten (PDF; 273 kB) Bullengraben green corridor, section 3.
57. ↑ On the way in Spandau Egelpfuhlgraben Spandau. An almost hidden path to the bull pit.
58. ↑ Land use plan - change ( Memento of the original from September 15, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) Senate Department for Urban Development. Section Seeburger Weg (Spandau). Serial No. 12/01. Opening decision February 12, 2002. Publication in the Official Gazette on November 28, 2003. 
59. ↑ Sebastian Kulisch ( Memento of the original from August 31, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Homepage. 
60. ^ Bahn built a new park in Spandau. (PDF; 953 kB) Lokalnachrichten Verlag, Archive, Volume 18, June 2007, No. 11, p. 2.
61. ↑ Green area on the Lindenufer. Grün Berlin GmbH
62. ↑ FIS-Broker map display 20 green main routes - digital hiking map , since May 2014 the recommended routes have been marked in blue, plan routes that can be walked on are red and if not walkable: dashed red. The routes of the Wall Trail that do not belong to the main green paths are marked as a pink band and the long-distance paths as a light-colored band.
63. ↑ 20 main green paths: digital hiking map
64. ↑ Plan work West Berlin. Goals, strategies and landscape planning model . ( Memento of the original from January 7, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.4 MB) Ed .: Senate Department for Urban Development, Kulturbuch Verlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-88961-185-0 , p. 27. 
65. ↑ Senate Department for Urban Development 20 main green paths, digital hiking atlas.
66. ↑ Plan work West Berlin. Goals, strategies and landscape planning model . ( Memento of the original from January 7, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.4 MB) Ed .: Senate Department for Urban Development, Kulturbuch Verlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-88961-185-0 , p. 18. 

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on December 24, 2009 in this version .