Canadian goldenrod

Canadian goldenrod
	Canadian goldenrod ( Solidago canadensis )
Systematics
Order :	Astern-like (Asterales)
Family :	Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily :	Asteroideae
Tribe :	Astereae
Genre :	Goldenrod ( Solidago )
Type :	Canadian goldenrod
Scientific name
	Solidago canadensis
	L.

The Canadian goldenrod ( Solidago canadensis ) is a flowering plant in the subfamily of Asteroideae within the family of Compositae (Asteraceae).

Description and ecology

illustration

Vegetative characteristics

The Canadian goldenrod grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of between 50 and 200 (up to 250) centimeters. The stem leaves are lanceolate and serrate in the front area. The underside of the leaf and the stem are closely spaced with short hairs, the latter later balding at the base.

Generative characteristics

It forms numerous, one-sided, clearly stalked, yellow flower heads on the upper side of the panicle branches. The panicle branches are arched. The ray florets are barely longer than the tubular florets and do not protrude beyond the flower envelope. The flowering period extends from August to October. The pollination is carried by flies, hover flies and butterflies.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18 or 54.

Systematics and similar types

Solidago canadensis varies widely. Often it is the Solidago canadensis var. Altissima . In general, the clans in Europe differ considerably from the real North American species due to numerous processing. They are therefore also ined as Solidago anthropogena H.Scholz. designated.

The Canadian goldenrod can be confused with the, mostly smaller, giant goldenrod ( Solidago gigantea ). This has a bare stem to just below the inflorescence, while the Canadian goldenrod is hairy from the area of the first leaves at the latest.

Occurrence

The Canadian goldenrod originates from North America and came to Paris before 1648 . Solidago canadensis var. Altissima has been detectable in Europe since 1644. It is native to Canada and the eastern and central United States. This species did not become more widespread in gardens until the 19th century . Since then she has also appeared as a neophyte in Europe . But it is also a neophyte in Australia and New Zealand.

In large colonies it grows on fallow fields and railway systems. It is a ruderal plant that prefers rubble, fields and banks as a location, but also edges of water and alluvial forests . In particular, it grows on deep sand , clay and loam soils . This naturalized neophyte can be found all over Europe at altitudes of over 1200 meters. In Central Europe it is a character species of the Artemisietea class and occurs here particularly in societies of the Senecion fluviatilis and Aegopodion podagrariae associations as well as the Onopordetalia or Arrhenatheretalia orders.

Typical vegetation on a railway embankment

Inflorescence in winter

Canadian goldenrod as an invasive neophyte

The Canadian goldenrod is classified as an invasive (= problematic) neophyte, since the vigorous ornamental plant has a great ecological impact due to the naturalization. It spreads strongly on dry grassland and fallow areas, such as along railway lines.

In warmer regions and z. B. in arable vineyards or grasslands, the dominant populations of the neophyte influence the course of the succession and thus displace the native, light-loving plants. Plants with a very narrow range of location fluctuations are particularly threatened. This results in the endangerment of animal species that need these plants for food. On the other hand, the Canadian goldenrod serves as a food staple for those animals that have adapted to their abundance. It is distributed by seeds, and goldenrod species can produce up to 19,000 seeds per stem. The displacement potential of the Canadian goldenrod is also expressed through underground foothills that conquer large areas.

The spread of the Canadian goldenrod thus accelerates species change considerably. The establishment of this widespread neophyte is made possible by existing disturbances and landscape damage.

In Switzerland it was added to the black list of invasive neophytes and subject to the release ordinance.

use

The Canadian goldenrod is cultivated as an ornamental plant and bee pasture .

Its main area of application in medicine is the kidney and bladder apparatus. It has a strong diuretic effect.

Canadian goldenrod can be used as a dye plant . The entire plant can be used for dyeing. Depending on the staining, the dyed fabrics have a brown-yellow to gold appearance. The average dye content of the Canadian goldenrod is 0.5 to 4 percent of the dry matter . The main coloring agents are quercetin and astragaline . The wash and lightfastness is on the same level as dyer's woof and is assigned to the “medium” category.

swell

literature

Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
Martin Wolfangel: Indian balsam , Japanese knotweed and the massive occurrence of other neophytes - a threat to biological diversity (biodiversity). Retrieved December 6, 2011.

Claus Mayr (Ed.): What does the ring-necked parakeet do in the thuja hedge? On the problem of neophytes and neozoa and their importance for the preservation of biological diversity. NABU nature conservation conference from February 12th to 13th, 2000 in Braunschweig. NABU, Bonn 2000 (PDF file; 758 kB).

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 909 .
^ Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 , pp. 492 .
^ ^A ^b Solidago in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
↑ Clemens Alexander Wimmer: 350 years of goldenrod, vinegar tree and slit-leaved lilac in Germany. In: Zandera. Volume 13, No. 2, 1998, pp. 77-87.
^ Federal Office for the Environment FOEN: Invasive Alien Species . ( admin.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).
↑ S. Buholzer, M. Nobis, N. Schoenenberger, S. Rometsch: List of the alien invasive plants of Switzerland . Ed .: Infoflora. ( infoflora.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).
↑ ^a ^b Michael Pankratius: Renewable raw materials. The future from the field. Canadian goldenrod - Solidago canadensis - dye plant. Retrieved March 29, 2010.

Web links

Commons : Canadian Goldenrod ( Solidago canadensis ) - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Solidago canadensis L., Canadian goldenrod. In: FloraWeb.de.

Canadian goldenrod . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.

Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .

Solidago canadensis L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .

Thomas Meyer: Goldenrod data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).

Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 878 (first description).

NABU Lower Saxony (ed.): The vegetable immigrants. Neophytes - from sunflower to balsam.

Michael Pankratius: Lexicon Renewable Raw Materials - Renewable Raw Materials.biz - The future of the field

Uwe Starfinger, Ingo Kowarik: Solidago canadensis L. (Asteraceae), Canadian goldenrod. In: NeoFlora. Invasive alien species in Germany.

[Oberdorfer2001-1] Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 909 .

[Haeupler2000-2] Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 , pp. 492 .

[GRIN-3] A ^b Solidago in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 24, 2018.

[Wimmer1998-4] Clemens Alexander Wimmer: 350 years of goldenrod, vinegar tree and slit-leaved lilac in Germany. In: Zandera. Volume 13, No. 2, 1998, pp. 77-87.

[5] Federal Office for the Environment FOEN: Invasive Alien Species . ( admin.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).

[6] S. Buholzer, M. Nobis, N. Schoenenberger, S. Rometsch: List of the alien invasive plants of Switzerland . Ed .: Infoflora. ( infoflora.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).

[Nachwachsende-7] Michael Pankratius: Renewable raw materials. The future from the field. Canadian goldenrod - Solidago canadensis - dye plant. Retrieved March 29, 2010.