Giant goldenrod
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Giant goldenrod ( Solidago gigantea ) |
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The giant goldenrod ( Solidago gigantea ), also called late goldenrod , high goldenrod and proud Heinrich , is a species of plant in the Asteraceae family. The common names are confusing in that the species described here both flowers earlier and generally remains smaller than the Canadian goldenrod ( Solidago canadensis ).
description
Vegetative characteristics
The giant goldenrod is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 50 to 200, rarely up to 250 centimeters. The rhizomes are 50 to 150 centimeters long, rarely up to 250 centimeters. Its stem is densely leafed, only branched in the area of the inflorescence, glabrous, red, often with bluish frosting and at most a little hairy in the upper part.
The leaves are sessile, narrowly lanceolate, mostly serrate, rarely with entire margins.
Generative characteristics
The flowering period extends from late July to October. The pyramidal panicles total pollen contains numerous short-stalked upward, basket-shaped part inflorescences. The flower heads, which are 2 to 8 millimeters in diameter, contain tubular and ray florets. The bottom of the cup is bare. The ray florets are slightly longer than the 3 to 4 millimeter long shell.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18 or 36.
ecology
The giant goldenrod is a root-creeping pioneer and can therefore form dense stands through clonal growth of its rhizomes, which can have over 300 shoots / m². Due to the rhizome fragments that are able to grow well, this species can spread vegetatively, e.g. B. with running water or with garden waste.
The pollination is done by bees and bumblebees . A large number of fly fruits (around 15,000 per fruit cluster) are produced, which are spread with the wind from late autumn to spring.
Despite their widespread distribution in Germany, which often occurs in dense stands, goldenrods in biotopes worthy of protection cause relatively little damage to the flora and fauna, as mostly rowdy locations are populated. A nationwide suppression of the goldenrod stocks is anyway neither realistic nor justified by its harmful effects. In addition, one should bear in mind that their flowers provide food for numerous wild bees, butterflies and hover flies in the otherwise poor late summer. (In 2009, research showed that goldenrod deposits can provide a habitat for a much poorer pollinator community than the vegetation they displace.)
However, it must be mentioned that especially in high valleys and other biotopes - which are not able to cope with the current changing climatic conditions so spontaneously - the goldenrod spreads more and more, as it can adapt to changing biotic factors quite well as an assimilant. It is only a matter of time before it displaces native species.
Occurrence
The giant goldenrod is native to the USA and southern Canada. It was introduced to Europe about 100 years ago as an ornamental plant and bee pasture , and has since become wild and naturalized, i.e. a neophyte . In addition to Europe, it is also a neophyte in Japan, Lebanon, the Azores and Mexico. In Switzerland it was added to the black list of invasive neophytes and subject to the release ordinance.
You can find them in Central Europe mainly in thinned alluvial forests, on banks and rubble sites. She loves moist, nitrogenous clay soil. After Ellenberg it is a light plant and a class characteristic species of perennial herb nitrogen corridors (Artemisietea vulgaris). In the Allgäu Alps, it rises to an altitude of up to 1200 meters at the Höflealphütte in Bavaria.
Ingredients and use
The dried, whole or crushed, flowering, above-ground parts of the plant are used as a tea drug . Important ingredients are flavonoids and triterpene saponine . They have a diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effect. Accordingly, preparations from the plant are used for flushing therapy in inflammatory diseases of the lower urinary tract, urinary stones and kidney gravel.
literature
- Sabine Güsewell, Nora Zuberbühler, Christian Clerc: Distribution and functional traits of Solidago gigantea in a Swiss lakeshore wetland. In: Botanica Helvetica , Volume 115, 2005, pp. 63–76 ( full text )
Individual evidence
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. Page 909. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
- ↑ D. Moron et al .: Wild pollinator communities are negatively affected by invasion of alien goldenrods in grassland landscapes. In: Biological Conservation , Volume 142, Issue 7, 2009 pp. 1322-1332. doi : 10.1016 / j.biocon.2008.12.036
- ^ Solidago in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
- ^ Federal Office for the Environment FOEN: Invasive Alien Species . ( admin.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).
- ↑ S. Buholzer, M. Nobis, N. Schoenenberger, S. Rometsch: List of the alien invasive plants of Switzerland . Ed .: Infoflora. ( infoflora.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).
- ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 .
- ↑ Apotheken-Umschau.de: Medicinal Plants Lexicon, Goldenrod . ( apotheken-umschau.de [accessed on June 26, 2020]).
swell
- Information at pharmakobotanik.de .
- Datasheet at Neobiota.de, the information portal of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) .
- John C. Semple, Rachel E. Cook: Solidago. : Solidago gigantea , p. 107 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 20: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 7: Asteraceae, part 2 (Astereae, Senecioneae) , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 2006, ISBN 0-19-530564-7 .
Web links
- Solidago gigantea Aiton, giant goldenrod. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Giant goldenrod . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Solidago gigantea Aiton In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved April 8, 2016.
- Thomas Meyer: Goldenrod data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).
- Solidago gigantea at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 8, 2016.
- Pictures at Biopix .
- Martin Wolfangel: Invasive alien plants - a threat to biological diversity .
