Yellow pond rose

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Yellow pond rose
Yellow pond rose (Nuphar lutea)

Yellow pond rose ( Nuphar lutea )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Order : Water lilies (Nymphaeales)
Family : Water lily family (Nymphaeaceae)
Subfamily : Nupharoideae
Genre : Lake Roses ( Nuphar )
Type : Yellow pond rose
Scientific name
Nuphar lutea
( L. ) Sm.

The yellow water-lily ( Nuphar lutea , Syn. : Luteum Nuphar ; in ancient texts also nenufar ), and Yellow Teichmummel , Mummel , Teichmummel or pond Kandel called, where they sometimes also with Nuphar luteum is dubbed, is a plant from the family of the lily plants ( Nymphaeaceae). Like all water lily plants, it is protected in Germany. The scientific name Nuphar was already used by Dioscurides and probably goes back to the Egyptian "nu-far".

Occurrence

The yellow pond rose can be found in Europe from Portugal to Greece and from Ireland to Russia and Ukraine. It is also found in Algeria, Western Asia, the Caucasus, Siberia, Kazakhstan and Xinjiang . Earlier information from North America is now assigned to other species. The plant thrives in stagnant to gently flowing water. It thrives optimally in water depths of 0.8 to 2 meters, but occurs up to 6 meters deep. It is a character species of the Myriophyllo-Nupharetum from the association Nymphaeion.

As a garden plant, the yellow pond mummel has similar requirements as the white water lily . However, unlike them, it can also thrive in the shade.

description

Nuphar lutea is a perennial herbaceous plant . This aquatic plant forms rhizomes as persistence organs, which have a diameter of 3–8 cm. In shallow water, the leaves protrude above the water level, in deeper ponds they float on the surface. The leaves are long stalked (about 50 cm). Wide-meshed air spaces in the leaf tissue ensure that breathing air can be guided to the rhizome through air channels in the petiole. The leaf blade is not circular, but kidney to heart-shaped; about 15-30 cm long and 10-22 cm wide. If the plant does not have enough space and is covered by other plants, it will sprout large, round, slightly corrugated leaves similar to rhubarb under water. As soon as the "jam" is cleared, it drives out its normal leaves, which begin to unroll underwater and then push themselves onto the surface of the water.

The flowers protrude on strong, about 50 cm long, smooth flower stalks just above the water surface. The rich yellow, hermaphrodite, radial symmetry flowers reach a diameter of 4–12 cm and are reminiscent of oversized, spherical marigolds in their shape and color . A flower has 5 yellow sepals , up to 25  petals , 11–22 yellow stigma and many yellow stamens . The flower opens in the morning and closes again in the early afternoon. The flowering period is between July and September.

The fruit is about 2.5 cm in diameter. The olive-green, egg-shaped, smooth seeds are about 5 mm in size.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 34.

ecology

The yellow pond rose is a perennial aquatic plant with floating leaves and lettuce leaves. Vegetative reproduction occurs through branched or torn off rhizomes . It occurs up to a maximum of 6 m water depth and then often in a submerged, flooding form without floating leaves. As a typical aquatic plant, the yellow pond rose has a special ventilation tissue or aerenchyma . This creates a direct connection between the stomata on the one hand and the root tips on the other hand via the intercellular spaces, the so-called intercellulars . The French Dutrochet (1776–1847) first recognized that such a path of air exists while studying this species. Incidentally, he was also the first to establish that water transport in woody plants takes place solely in the outer cell layers of the wood body.

The flowers are strongly scented "nectar-bearing disc flowers" and are usually above the surface of the water. Pollinators are beetles and hoverflies .

The numerous, free follicles are surrounded by the fleshy axis tissue, so that a collective fruit is created, which disintegrates into crescent-shaped, multi-seeded individual fruits when the surrounding axis tissue detaches. The seeds are buoyant because of aerated mucus; they are light and cold germs .

There is a submerged, flooding form of the yellow pond rose, Nuphar lutea f. submersa Rouy . It occurs in societies of the Ranunculion fluitantis association.

Toxicity and Edibility

The whole plant is poisonous; but especially the rhizome .

Main active ingredients: According to older information, 0.4% nupharine and β-nupharidine , main alkaloid deoxynupharidine .

Symptoms of poisoning: In animal experiments, nupharine has an atropine- and papaverine-like, spasmolytic and blood pressure lowering effect, while deoxynupharidine has a tonic effect and leads to increased blood pressure.

The seeds are (roasted) edible. They have been eaten, mostly roasted, since the plant appeared after the last cold period in the Mesolithic (finds from 9000 BC, e.g. near Duvensee ).

photos

  • Leaves and flower

  • Leaves and flower

  • Details of the flower

  • Fruity

  • Illustration from Clusius , Rariorum plantarum (1601)

  • illustration

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Otto Zekert (Ed.): Dispensatorium pro pharmacopoeis Viennensibus in Austria 1570. Berlin 1938, p. 148
  2. ^ A b c Nuphar in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
  3. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 391–392.
  4. ↑ Russ Cohen: The Quick Guide to Wild Edible Plants: Easy to Pick, Easy to Prepare. In: Rhodora 116, No. 965, 2014, pp. 102-106.
  5. ↑ G. Schwantes, K. Gripp, M. Beyle: The early Mesolithic living space of Duvensee. In: Prähistorische Zeitschrift 16, 1925, pp. 173–177.
  6. ↑ Lucyna Kubiak-Martens: New evidence for the use of root foods in pre-agrarian subsistence recovered from the late Mesolithic site at Halsskov, Denmark. In: Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 11, No. 1-2, 2002, pp. 23-32, doi: 10.1007 / s003340200003 .

Web links

Commons : Yellow Teichrose ( Nuphar lutea )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files