Real valerian

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Real valerian
Real valerian (Valeriana officinalis)

Real valerian ( Valeriana officinalis )

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Cardigans (Dipsacales)
Family : Honeysuckle Family (Caprifoliaceae)
Subfamily : Valerian family (Valerianoideae)
Genre : Valerian ( Valeriana )
Type : Real valerian
Scientific name
Valeriana officinalis
L.

Real valerian , also called great valerian ( Valeriana officinalis ), is a species of the valerian genus ( Valeriana ) within the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae).

description

Pinnate foliage, underside
illustration

Vegetative characteristics

Real valerian is a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 1 to 2 meters. As a survival organ, it forms rhizomes .

Of the lush green, opposite, pinnate leaves with a length of about 20 centimeters, the lower ones are stalked, the upper ones sessile. The leaflets are oval or lanceolate, with entire or unevenly serrate edges.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from May to July. Many flowers are densely arranged in terminal, umbrella-like inflorescences . The flower develops a strong, sweet smell. The hermaphroditic or female flowers are radial symmetry with a diameter of 4 to 5 millimeters . The flower colors are light pink to white with purple streak paints that later fade.

The nuts ( achenes ), which are up to 4 millimeters long and weigh only 0.5 milligrams, have a feathery, hygroscopic, decrepit ring of hair ( pappus ).

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 12 or 14.

ecology

The real valerian is a helomorphic, hygromorphic hemicryptophyte . The vegetative reproduction takes place through short runners ; The real valerian is therefore a crawling pioneer.

From an ecological point of view, these are small, asymmetrical, pre-male "funnel flowers". In addition to plant specimens with hermaphrodite flowers, there are also purely female (gyno-dioecious). The nectarium is located in a bulge in the corolla tube. Pollinators are various two-winged birds , bees and butterflies . The real valerian is self-sterile , there is no spontaneous self-pollination .

The papus curls up when damp. The fruits spread like umbrella fliers and have a sinking speed of 28 centimeters / second. In addition, there is a spread as water-bound and swimming spread.

Occurrence

The real valerian occurs in large parts of Europe except Portugal and Western Asia . The distribution area extends further east to Siberia and Russia's Far East, Korea , China , Taiwan and Japan .

Valerian is frost-resistant and thrives in almost any soil in the sun or partial shade. As a moist soil plant, it can withstand occasional floods and is therefore often found in the wild on meadows along watercourses. It occurs in societies of the Filipendulion, especially in the Veronico longifoliae-Euphorbietum palustris.

Systematics

Valeriana officinalis was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . Synonyms for Valeriana officinalis L. are Valeriana alternifolia Bunge , Valeriana baltica Pleijel , Valeriana chinensis Kreyer ex Komarov , Valeriana coreana Briqu. , Valeriana dageletiana Nakai ex F.Maek. , Valeriana dubia Bunge , Valeriana exaltata J.C.Mikan , Valeriana fauriei Briqu. Kitag , Valeriana leiocarpa . , Valeriana nipponica Nakai ex Kitag. , Valeriana pseudofficinalis C.Y.Cheng & HBChen , Valeriana stubendorfii Kreyer ex Kom. , Valeriana subbipinnatifolia A.I.Baranov and Valeriana tianschanica ( Kreyer ) ex Hand.-Mazz.

The real valerian ( Valeriana officinalis L. ) often becomes a species group "Valeriana officinalis agg." With other closely related and difficult to distinguish species. summarized. This group includes:

  • Valeriana armena P.A. Smirn. : It occurs in the Caucasus region, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and Ukraine.
  • Valeriana colchica Utkin : It occurs in Georgia and the Caucasus.
  • Valeriana excelsa Poir. : With the subspecies:
    • Valeriana excelsa Poir. subsp. excelsa (Syn .: Valeriana procurrens Wallr. , Valeriana repens Host ): It occurs in Portugal, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and the Czech Republic. In the Allgäu Alps in Bavaria near Breitengehren on the Großer Seekopf it rises to an altitude of 1,800 meters. The chromosome number is 2n = 56.
    • Valeriana excelsa subsp. salina (Pleijel) Hiitonen
    • Valeriana excelsa subsp. sambucifolia (Pohl) Holub (Syn .: Valeriana sambucifolia Pohl )
    • Valeriana excelsa subsp. versifolia (Bruges) Buttler & al. (Syn .: Valeriana versifolia Brügger ): It occurs in France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein. They are particularly found in the tall herbaceous corridors of the Adenostylion Association. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 56. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in Bavaria on the southeast ridge of the Höfats up to an altitude of 2150 meters.
  • Valeriana hispidula Boiss. : It occurs in Spain and France.
  • Valeriana officinalis L .: With two subspecies:
    • Valeriana officinalis L. subsp. officinalis (Syn .: Valeriana exaltata Pohl )
    • Valeriana officinalis subsp. nemorensis (B. Turk) F. Martini & Soldano : It occurs in Italy, Slovenia and Croatia.
  • Valeriana pratensis Dierb. (Syn .: Valeriana officinalis subsp. Collina (Wallr.) Nyman , Valeriana collina Wallr. , Nom. Illeg.): It occurs in Germany, Austria and Liechtenstein. There are two subspecies:
    • Valeriana pratensis Dierb. subsp. pratensis
    • Valeriana pratensis subsp. franconica Meierott & T. Gregor : It occurs in Germany.
  • Valeriana rossica P.A. Smirn.
  • Valeriana stolonifera Czern. : With the subspecies:
    • Valeriana stolonifera Czern. subsp. stolonifera : It only occurs in Ukraine.
    • Valeriana stolonifera subsp. angustifolia Soó (Syn .: Valeriana wallrothii Kreyer ): It is widespread in Europe.
  • Valeriana wolgensis Kazak. : It occurs in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

Name declaration

The botanical genus name Valeriana comes from the Latin word valens for "strong".

Common name

The German common name valerian is possibly folk etymologically based on the name of the Nordic god of light Balder . Commonly, the common valerian is also called cat's weed, stinkwort, witch's herb, eye root, moonroot, Bullerjan, Tolljan, Katzenwargel, Theriakswurz and Denmark.

use

Valerian essential oil (Valerianae oleum)
Real valerian in the form of the root drug (Valerianae radix)

ingredients

Valerian contains, among other things, essential oil (in addition to valerenic acid, among other things, isovaleric acid , which is responsible for the characteristic odor of the rhizome), valepotriates and alkaloids . The flavonoid Linarin has a sedative effect and is one of the main effects on humans.

The alkaloid actinidine is what makes valerian an attractant for cats , much like catnip .

Use in medicine

The dried subterranean plant parts serve as a pharmaceutical drug . The valerian root ( Valerianae radix ) is one of the best-known herbal sedatives. It is said to be effective against restlessness and anxiety, sleep disorders, nervous heart problems and cramp-like complaints in the gastrointestinal area. The medicinal valerian is most often used as a dry extract. Valerian is also said to have a calming effect as a bath additive. However, there is a lack of scientific evidence for many of these effects. It is unclear whether valerian preparations can help with sleep disorders or relieve anxiety.

The active ingredients are essential oils with different compositions, depending on their origin, with bornyl acetate and bornyl isovalerate as the main components. These are also responsible for the typical valerian odor that occurs when the drug is dried. Because this smell is similar to the lure smell of cats in heat, it attracts hangovers. Other ingredients are valeranone, caryophyllene , camphene and other mono- and sesquiterpenes , sesquiterpene carboxylic acids such as valerenic acids , valepotriates (iridoids) with valtrate and isovaltrate . Because of the instability of these compounds in extracts and tinctures, for. Sometimes only their degradation products, the so-called baldrinals, are detectable. Amino acids and, in small amounts, lignans and pyridine alkaloids were also found to be ingredients.

The described healing effects could not be assigned to any single substance so that the interaction of several groups of active substances has to be assumed for the healing effects. In many finished medicinal products, the valerian root is also combined with other drugs that are suspected of having a calming effect. B. with hops , lemon balm , passion flower (especially Passiflora incarnata ), lady's mantle and juniper berries .

A study on the effect of the combined intake with extract from St. John's wort came to the result that its property of inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin was increased.
Combination preparations of St. John's wort, passion flower and valerian are also offered.

Use in the kitchen

Valerian extracts are used as a flavoring in foods such as baked goods and ice cream - especially when you want to achieve apple flavor components .

Valerian is a relative of the lamb's lettuce ( Valerianella spec. - Small Valerian). The fresh spring green of valerian can be eaten in salads - its taste is reminiscent of lamb's lettuce, and is even a little more tender. The flowers are also edible.

Use in the fragrance industry

During the drying process in particular, the valerian root gives off the odor that cats find attractive (see catnip ). The rancid smell reminds people of Limburg cheese and is rather repulsive. It is so penetrating that legend has it that the Pied Piper of Hamelin carried valerian with him to attract the rats. Nevertheless, valerian is also used in the perfume industry - in the right mixes, it can produce musky, woody, balsamic smells.

Cultural meaning

Valerian in superstition

With the Nordic peoples, valerian was hung over the door as a strongly aromatic plant to protect against evil spirits . Those who carried valerian with them were considered insensitive to witchcraft magic and protected from the devil . It was also believed that a tuft of valerian hung in the room would move as soon as a witch entered the room. Valerian placed in the beehive should prevent the bees from swarming and attract more.

Valerian also appears together with Bibernelle as a prophesied remedy in many plague sagas:

“Eat beaver nelles and valerian
so the plague does not concern you "

Valerian had a reputation for provoking anger when chewed a little. An executioner who had a soft heart, which is unusual for his profession, had to chew on this root before every execution so as not to be overwhelmed by pity for the condemned to death.

Valerian in art

Valerian appears as a plant in Christian iconography occasionally on paintings of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance , because this is how the nard was imagined, from which a precious oil was extracted in antiquity . The Indian nard ( Nardostachys jatamansi ), which, in contrast to Valeriana officinalis, has a pleasant fragrance, provided the extremely valuable nard oil sought in the ancient world. Jesus' feet were anointed with nard oil by Mary , Martha's sister , and when one of his disciples, Judas Iscariot , criticized this, Jesus rejected him with the words "Let her do it for the day of my burial!" ( Joh 12,1-7  EU ). The depiction of valerian refers to this anointing and ultimately to Jesus' suffering and death. Valerian can therefore be seen on many panels of the Renaissance, often very exposed in the center.

The nard is also represented in heraldry ( heraldic art). In the coat of arms of Pope Francis there is also a golden nard blossom, which symbolizes St. Joseph .

history

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Historical illustrations

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literature

  • Manfred Bocksch: The practical book of medicinal plants. blv, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-40-514937-1 .
  • Hartwig Abraham, Inge Thinnes: witch's herb and magic potion. Our medicinal plants in sagas, superstitions and legends. Freund, Greifenberg 1995, ISBN 3-924733-02-3 .
  • Gertrud Scherf: Magic Plants - Witch Herbs. Myth and magic of native wild and cultivated plants. blv, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-405-16219-X .
  • Marianne Beuchert : the symbolism of plants, from columbine to cypress. Insel, Frankfurt am Main 1995, ISBN 3-458-16738-2 .
  • Walter Kupper: The valerian. In: Pharma-Medico 2, 1934, pp. 158-167.
  • Miranda Seymour: A Little History of Herbs and Spices. Scherz, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-502-15879-7 .
  • Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder: The new manual of medicinal plants. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-440-09387-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. a b Oleg Polunin: Plants of Europe. BLV, Munich 1977, ISBN 3-405-11832-8 .
  2. a b c d e Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  883-884 .
  3. a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p.  819-820 .
  4. ^ A b Deyuan Hong, Fred R. Barrie, Charles D. Bell: Valerianaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 19: Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 670 (English, online ). (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
  5. ^ A b Valeriana officinalis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
  6. Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 31 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D31%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  7. a b c d e f g h i j k E. von Raab-Straube & T. Henning (2017+): Valerianaceae. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Data sheet Valerianaceae
  8. a b Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , pp. 539-540.
  9. ^ Heinrich Marzell : Our medicinal plants: Their history and their position in folklore. 2nd edition (under the title History and Folklore of German Medicinal Plants ), Stuttgart 1938, pp. 253-257.
  10. Martina Melzer: Valerian: Sleep-promoting and calming. In: pharmacies look around. December 16, 2019, accessed January 4, 2020 .
  11. Sebastián Fernández, Cristina Wasowski, Alejandro Paladini, Mariel Marder: Sedative and sleep-enhancing properties of linarin, a flavonoid-isolated from Valeriana officinalis. In: Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior , 77, No. 2, 2004, pp. 399-404, doi : 10.1016 / j.pbb.2003.12.003 .
  12. ^ Siegfried Bäumler: Medicinal Plant Practice Today. Portraits, recipes, application. Elsevier Urban & Fischer, Munich, 2007, ISBN 978-3-437-57270-8 , pp. 67-68.
  13. Valerian: herbal sleep aid with question marks on www.medizin-transparent.at , accessed on October 3, 2018.
  14. Less anxiety thanks to valerian and hops? at www.medizin-transparent.at , accessed on October 3, 2018.
  15. GP McGregor: Combination of St. John's wort, valerian and passion flower extracts in a herbal medicine. In: medical journal naturopathic treatment. Volume 43, 2002, pp. 348–353 ( online ( memento of the original from June 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice . ). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lichtwecker-zentrale.com
  16. Jürgen Clausen: Double comfort with St. John's wort and passion flower? Carstens-Stiftung.de, category: Studies in a nutshell; Retrieved March 2019. This source refers to the following studies:
    1) BL Fiebich, R Knörle, K Appel, T Kammler, G Weiss: Pharmacological studies in an herbal drug combination of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) and passion flower ( Passiflora incarnata): in vitro and in vivo evidence of synergy between Hypericum and Passiflora in antidepressant pharmacological models . In: Fitoterapia , 2011 Apr; 82 (3), pp. 474-280, PMID 21185920 .
    2) R Madabushi, B Frank, B Drewelow, H Derendorf, V. Butterweck: Hyperforin in St. John's wort drug interactions . In: Eur J Clin Pharmacol. , 2006 Mar; 62 (3), pp. 225-233, PMID 16477470 .
  17. Sabine Anagnostou: St. John's wort, valerian and passion flower - the siblings of the soul . Pharmazeutische-Zeitung.de, November 29, 2011
  18. Cats also like valerian. In: Mainpost. December 3, 2006, accessed January 4, 2020 .
  19. Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, p. 29 (Book I, Chapter 6): Narde (digitized version ) ; P. 30 (Book I, Chapter 7): Celtic Nard (digitized version ) ; P. 32 (Book I, Chapter 8): Berg-Narde (digitized version ) ; P. 33 (Book I, Chapter 10): Phu (digitized version)
  20. Pliny the Elder , 1st century. Naturalis historia Book XXI, Chapter XX (§ 43–44): Celtic Nard (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitalisat) , book XXI, chapter LXXX (§ 136): Phu digitalisat) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )
  21. Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VIII, Chapters XIII / 1, 2, 3 (based on the Kühn edition of 1826, Volume XII, p. 84: Nardi spica, Nardus Celtica, Nardus montana (digitized version) , Book VIII, Chapter XXI / 8 (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XII, p. 152: Phu (digitized version)
  22. Avicenna , 11th century, Canon of Medicine . Translation and adaptation by Gerhard von Cremona , Arnaldus de Villanova and Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter 261: Fu (digitized version) , Volume II, Chapter 648: Spica (digitized version)
  23. Constantine the African , 11th century Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 348: Spica nardi, [Spica] Celtica, Fu (digitized version)
  24. Circa instans 12th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 198r – v: Fu (digitized) , sheet 208r – v: Spica (digitized)
  25. ^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 107r – v (No 52): Spica (digitized)
  26. Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart, Volume II 1842, pp. 58–61: Valeriana jatamansi (digitized version ) , p. 265–266: Fuw (digitized version )
  27. ^ Pseudo-Macer . Printed in Basel 1527, sheet 46: Spica (digitized version)
  28. ^ German Macer . After: Bernhard Schnell, William Crossgrove: The German Macer. Vulgate version. Niemeyer, Tübingen 2003, p. 377 (Chapter 86): Spica nardi . Cpg 226 , Alsace, 1459–1469, sheet 206r (digitized) . Transcription: (.lxxxviij. Spica nardi is hot and print on the first grade (Nardus is pressed gyt the livers strengthen and mustard the stomach is looking for (It helps the bladder and rumet the neczen (It calls on the wib to look for (It helps against das kychen wol (It dispels the stinging in the book or the grymm (With warm water, she dispenses the staying from the heart and the flushing vergeet lastuon (Nardus tempered with warm water and painted on the eyes dispenses the itchy (It is one hand nardus die is called spica celtica everything that can there indica that can also spica celtica
  29. ^ Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Physica , Book I, Chapter 25: Spica . Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1140 (digitized version ) - Translation: Herbert Reier: Hildegard von Bingen Physica. Translated into German after the text edition by JP Migne, Paris 1882. Kiel 1980, p. 85: Spica is warm and dry, and its warmth is healthy. Whoever cooks Spica with wine or, if he does not have it, with honey and water, and often drinks it lukewarm, soothes the pain in the liver and lungs, as well as "dumphedinem" in his chest, provides clear knowledge and a pure mind. Book I, Chapter 142: Denemarcha . Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1187 (digitized version ) - Translation: Herbert Reier: Hildegard von Bingen Physica. Translated into German after the text edition by JP Migne, Paris 1882. Kiel 1980, p. 24: Valerian is warm and moist. If you suffer from pleurisis and gout, pulverize valerian, add a little less Nebten powder, and make small cakes with flour and water in a bowl of fat, mix the powders mentioned and eat them often. The pleurisis and gout in him will go away and that will make him better off.
  30. Konrad von Megenberg , 14th century book of nature. Output. Franz Pfeiffer . Aue, Stuttgart 1861, p. 409: Nardenkraut (digitized version )
  31. Michael Puff . Little book about the burnt-out waters . 15th century print Augsburg (Johannes Bämler) 1478: Valtrian with the wurtzen .. (digitized) . - At Brunschwig 1500 in the chapter Denmarck Wurzelwasser [root]. - Cpg 666 , Südwestdeutschland, 1478, sheet 126r (digitized) . Transcription: Paldrian water jst good for that gout who drinks it / And whoever a worm pisses it over the pauch and over the piss / Who we are vmb daz hertz the drink of the water it also drives away fever and whoever seytten every day we ist der trinck es - Cod. p. 386 , Ravensburg 1463–1466, sheet 134r (digitized version ) . Transcription: Valerian water the sol man vss burn with the roots the water should be drunk for hit for the picz the wicked warmth if you stir it for the heart we for the four-day fever for the wet days jn the customs whether one is with salt bed
  32. Michael Puff . Little book about the burnt-out waters . 15th century. Printed by Augsburg (Johannes Bämler) 1478: Valerian (digitized) . - At Brunschwig 1500 in the chapter Denmarck water [herbs and roots]. - Cpg 558 , Northern Bavaria, around 1470 - 1485, sheet 25r (digital copy ) . Transcription: Valerian water is good when a person dries a towel after bathing and puts a neczet over the eyes and makes the eyes lighten and clear from the heat and smoke dez pades and dez vassers and put on the feygevarczel drives away men and women and women Drunk it helps who wine is erczwaÿ or who needs to be broken there is sere vnd drunk dec in the morning night cam e you get out of the house for the smell and smell of pestilencz - Cpg 545 Nuremberg (?) 1474, sheet 112r-v ( Digitized) . Transcription: Paldrien water to the eyes Item Paldriann water is good when a person puts a cloth over the eyes after the pad yn neczt vnd ​​covers the eyes that makes the eyes light and clear drives away the heat and smoke of the pad for bulging eyes and who vmb the Eyes wanted is the prank it dar vmb so spoils the sex and gulps veigkwarcz vnd drunk vnd placed on the veigwarcz that heals it and protects whether one will be broken Item whether one is to be broken or painful is the drink of the water and legs over the harm it heals for the poison of the pestilencz and the water drunk in the morning that is good for the poisonous taste and stench of the pestilencz The root is also good so you eat in the morning when it is through so it is more delicate and also when you take it with you and to taste it is good for poisonous stink and pestilencz
  33. Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, part I, chapter 141: Spica nardi (digitized part I, chapter 142: Spica celtica (digitized) . Part I, chapter 149: Valeriana (digitized
  34. Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, chapter 376: Spica nardi (digitized version ) . Chapter 377: Spica celtica (digitized version ) . Chapter 415: Valeriana vel fu valerian (digitized version )
  35. Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 448: Spica celtica (digitized version ) . Chapter 449: Spica nardi vel nardus (digitized version ) . Chapter 485: Valeriana (digitized version)
  36. Hieronymus Brunschwig . Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 39r – v: Denmarck, Denmarck wurzel (digitized) . Sheet 81v-82r: Nebten (digital copy ) . Sheet 107r – v: Spicanardi (digitized version )
  37. Brunschwig 1500, sheet 81v: Nebten. ... Denmarck is called katzen wurtz / that's why the cats like to eat the roots of denmarck and not with dz krut vmb for their sake. When I was zů würtzburgk / when you zalt .mcccclxvi. iar was eyn goldt schmidt called Jerg ziechel what do the first get güldin ring den see i break / a common schnider nodel vff a broken off place a whole lion digging with whole flyss iar vnd day / that from in the bergeren was zeleren where from n are face like that were sharp. At the last I vnderrycht the root of the krut denmarck zů puluern vnnd ate them all day vff eyner bonen big ...
  38. Brunschwig 1500, sheet 107r: Spicanardi is a blům or a change in the shape of the long sig wurtz from the Latin herba victorialis genant / one vast gůten taste from India to gon Allekayr brought from Allekair gon Alexandria / from Alexandria gon Venice or Genoa die es vns dan deliverfern sint. and where found would be spica on addition / so is allzit understood spica nardi. the brought from India / darumb dz it is all noble. Another gender spica is called würt from the latin spica romana. vnd von der tütschen sant Marien magdalenen flowers / growing vnd finds would be between vngern austrian nit wyt von der styrmack quite a few masses cling to the taste of the spica nardi mentioned above. That is why the old ones have been set and left at several places of the same two parts zů take for one part spica nardi. The third sex of the spica from the Latin saluinca / od spica celtica. vnd in tütscher tongues katzen leaderlin / is a krut long hanging on eyander eyn green color in the form of spica nardi / zů glicher wyse eynem seyl gantz keynen has taste. but quite a few Doctores do not speak differently than saluinca / vnd spica celtica sy spica romana in the bright sint the mer part of the old philosophers / which I am also keeping. God knows. The best is spica nardi in india / dz one is bring from alexandria. Then spica Romana whose flowers in the loug gethon are branded as I reported above. the third gantz nit douwet. ...
  39. Otto Brunfels . Contrafayt Kreüterbůch . Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1532, p. 116: Valerian (digitized)
  40. Hieronymus Bock . New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, Part I, Chapter 19: Valerian (digitized version)
  41. Leonhart Fuchs . New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, Chapter 330: Valerion (digitized version )
  42. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli . Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheets 6r – 6v: Indianischer Nardus (digitized version ) . Sheets 6v – 7r: Celtic Nardus (digital copy ) . Sheet 7v: Berg-Nardus (digitized version ) . Sheets 8r – 8v: Common Spicanard and Lavender (digitized) . Sheet 9v – 10v: Valerian (digitized version )
  43. Tabernaemontanus . Neuw Kreuterbuch. Nicolaus Basseus, Franckfurt am Mayn 1588, pp. 562–569: Theriackkraut and Valerian (digitized)
  44. Nicolas Lémery . Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, p. 524: Nardus Celtica [1] ; P. 525: Nardus Indica (digitized version) ; P. 797: Valeriana (digitized version) ; P. 799: Valerianella (digitized version) . Translation: Complete Lexicon of Materials. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 773-774: NardusCeltica, Nardus Indica (digitized) ; Sp. 1164–116: Valeriana, Valerianella (digitized)
  45. ^ Albrecht von Haller (editor). Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and pharmacists art clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 1058-1059: Nardus (digitized) ; Sp. 1128–1129: Phu (digitized version )
  46. ^ William Cullen, A treatise of the materia medica. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789. Volume II, pp. 371-372: Valeriana Sylvestris (digitized) ; German. Samuel Hahnemann . Schwickert, Leipzig 1790. Volume II, pp. 416–418: Valerian (digitized version )
  47. ^ Jean-Louis Alibert Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Crapart, Paris Volume II 1804/05, pp. 527-528: Valériane (digitized version )
  48. August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor. Camesius, Vienna, Volume II 1815, pp. 62–70: Valerian (digitized)
  49. Jonathan Pereira’s Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voss, Leipzig Volume II 1848, pp. 434–437: Valeriana officinalis (digitized version )
  50. August Husemann , Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, pp. 948-957: valeric acid, valerian tannic acids (digital copy ) ; P. 1149: Valarian oil (digitized version )
  51. Handbook of the Entire Pharmaceutical Science. Springer, Berlin 2nd ed. 1883, pp. 949–953: (digitized)

Web links

Wiktionary: Real valerian  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Commons : Real Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files