Extracellular fluid

Fluid fractions including intracellular fluid

Extracellular fluid (synonym extracellular fluid , extracellular fluid , ECF ) describes the fluid in the extracellular space . In addition to the fluid, the extracellular matrix is also located there .

properties

Inflow and outflow of the extracellular space

The extracellular fluid includes all body fluids outside of cells . It consists of tissue fluid (around 76%), blood plasma (around 21%) and, to a small extent, cerebrospinal fluid (around 3%). In the adult, the total volume is about 14 liters. Extracellular fluid is used to transport water , electrolytes , metabolites and various proteins . The volume of extracellular fluid and osmolarity is regulated in mammals by the kidneys . The skin and the connective tissue serve as a reservoir for the tissue fluid. In the course of the microcirculation, it is supplied with blood plasma by arterioles , while it is drained through veins .

Cations :

Sodium (Na ⁺ ) 136-151 mM
Potassium (K ⁺ ) 3.4-5.2 mM
Calcium (Ca ²⁺ ) 1.4-1.5 mM

Anions :

Chloride (Cl ^- ) 99-110 mM
Bicarbonate (HCO ₃^- ) 22-28 mM
Phosphate (HPO ₄^2- ) 0.8-1.4 mM

literature

KW Beyenbach: The plasticity of extracellular fluid homeostasis in insects. In: The Journal of Experimental Biology. Volume 219, Pt 17 September 2016, pp. 2596-2607, doi : 10.1242 / jeb.129650 , PMID 27582560 .

Individual evidence

^ ^A ^b John Hall: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology , 12th. Edition, Saunders / Elsevier, Philadelphia, Pa. 2011, ISBN 978-1-4160-4574-8 , pp. 286-287.
↑ L. Candela, C. Yucha: Renal regulation of extracellular fluid volume and osmolality. In: Nephrology Nursing Journal. Volume 31, Number 4, 2004 Jul-Aug, pp. 397-404, 444, PMID 15453232 .
↑ MA Holliday: Extracellular fluid and its proteins: dehydration, shock, and recovery. In: Pediatric Nephrology. Volume 13, Number 9, November 1999, pp. 989-995, doi : 10.1007 / s004670050741 , PMID 10603162 .
^ ^A ^b K. Diem, C. Lentner: Blood - Inorganic Substances . In: in: Scientific Tables , Seventh. Edition, CIBA-GEIGY Ltd., 1970, Basle, Switzerland, pp. 561-568.

[Hall-1] A ^b John Hall: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology , 12th. Edition, Saunders / Elsevier, Philadelphia, Pa. 2011, ISBN 978-1-4160-4574-8 , pp. 286-287.

[2] L. Candela, C. Yucha: Renal regulation of extracellular fluid volume and osmolality. In: Nephrology Nursing Journal. Volume 31, Number 4, 2004 Jul-Aug, pp. 397-404, 444, PMID 15453232 .

[3] MA Holliday: Extracellular fluid and its proteins: dehydration, shock, and recovery. In: Pediatric Nephrology. Volume 13, Number 9, November 1999, pp. 989-995, doi : 10.1007 / s004670050741 , PMID 10603162 .

[ciba-4] A ^b K. Diem, C. Lentner: Blood - Inorganic Substances . In: in: Scientific Tables , Seventh. Edition, CIBA-GEIGY Ltd., 1970, Basle, Switzerland, pp. 561-568.