Fjärd

Ingaröfjärden in the Stockholm archipelago

A fjärd (plural. Fjärdar) is a sea bay that is remote from the mountains and formed by glacial erosion . Although the Swedish word Fjärd etymologically corresponds to the Norwegian word Fjord and the German word Förde and all three coastal formations were formed by the Ice Ages , geologically there are three different formations.

Emergence

Europe in the Weichsel and Würm glacial periods

Fjärdar are formed at the bottom of an ice sheet by free glacial erosion with a wide clearance area . The wavy rock landscapes formed in this way, without any major contrasts in relief, were partially flooded when the glaciers melted in the Holocene , such as the Fjärde archipelago with many small bays (Fjärd) and numerous offshore islands ( skerries ).

In the Baltic Sea region, the development of the relationship between soil level and water level was complicated: First, as the ice began to melt, the water level ( Yoldia Sea ) rose, then the subcontinent rose due to the relief from the ice, and the basin of today's Baltic Sea became the sweet Ancylussee , its water level was limited by runoff. Then the sea level rose, then the mainland rose further, and finally the mainland uplift stagnated. Hence, fjärdar have features of both uplift and depression coastlines .

Järnafjärden in central Sweden

Demarcation

Fjords are the work of valley glaciers that ended in the sea. Therefore they are laterally bounded by high steep slopes and to the open sea by an underwater rock bar.
Fjords were created by glacier tongues that migrated from the icy basin to flat coasts, so they are flooded valleys in the area of the terminal moraines and accordingly have sandy subsoil and sandy banks.

Occurrence

Baltic coasts of Sweden and Finland . Even more than in the case of fjords, water areas are included in the fjärdar that have no contact with the mainland, but are bordered by islands around them.
Lake Mälaren in Sweden
US state of Maine

List of Northern European Fjärdar

Lake Mälaren:

Björkfjärden
Blacken
Bockholmssundet
Ekoln
Essinefjärden
Fiskarfjärden
Freden, Mälaren
Galten (fjärd)
Granfjärden
Görväln
Hovgårdsfjärden
Klubbfjärden
Kyrkfjärden, Östra Mälaren
Lambarfjärden
Long arms
Lövstafjärden
Mariebergsfjärden
Mörbyfjärden
Riddarfjärden
Rödstensfjärden
Scarves
Sörfjärden, Mälaren
Västeråsfjärden
Vårbyfjärden

Stockholm archipelago:

Älgöfjärden
Askrikefjärden
Baggensfjärden
Björkskärsfjärden
Brandfjärden
Breviken (havsområde)
Danzig gatt
Erstaviken
Grisslingefjärden
Gräsköfjärden
Halvkakssundet
Havssvalget
Himmerfjärden
Horsfjärden
Hustegafjärden
Höggarnsfjärden
Ingaröfjärden
Jungfrufjärden
Kalvfjärden
Kanholmsfjärden
Kobbfjärden
Krabbfjärden
Kyrkfjärden, Stora Värtan
Lilla Värtan
Mysingen
Möja söderfjärd
Norstensfjärden
Nämdöfjärden
Raggaröfjärden
Rödkobbsfjärden
Saltsjön
Saxarfjärden
Singöfjärden
Stora Värtan
Svartlögafjärden
Trälhavet
Uddjupet
Vidingefjärden

Rest of the Swedish coast:

Ängsfjärden
Björnhuvudsfjärden
Bollstafjärden
Färnebofjärden
Galtfjärden
Gåsefjärden
Gåsfjärden
Hallsfjärden
Hedesundafjärdarna
Järnafjärden
Kasfjärden
Mjölefjärden
Österfjärden
Östhammarsfjärden
Orren
Sjösaviken
Tvaren
Ullångersfjärden
Västerfjärden

Finland:
- the Swedish names in brackets -

Airisto (Erstan)
(Föglöfjärden) in the Åland archipelago
Gullkronanselkä (Gullkrona fjärd)
Kruunuvuorenselkä (Kronbergsfjärden)
Lauttasaarenselkä (Drumsöfjärden)
Karpiselkä (Skarpfjärden)
Kaupunginlahti (Stadsfjärden)
Kihti (Skiftet, Wattuskiftet)
Omenaistenaukko (Ominaisfjärden)
Orrbynselkä (Orrbyfjärden)
Paimionselkä or Peimari (Pemarfjärden or Pemarn)
Porkkalanselkä (Porkalafjärden)
Raippaluodonselkä (Replotfjärden)
Sipoonselkä (Sibbofjärden)
Svartbäckinselkä (Svartbäckfjärden)
Ruotsinsalmi (Svensksund)
Teili (Delet)
- Sälskärinselkä
- Läntinen selkä
Upinniemenselkä (Obbnäsfjärden)

swell

literature

Dieter Kelletat : Physical geography of the seas and coasts. An introduction (= Teubner study books of geography. ). 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Teubner, Stuttgart et al. 1999, ISBN 3-519-13426-8 .