Fruit cups

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Lebanon oak fruit cup
Various fruit cups at Fagaceaen; A. Quercus rubra , B. Quercus trojana , C. Fagus sylvatica, D. Castanea sativa

The fruit cup or the cupula (lat. For "small barrel, mug, cup"), even the cup shell is one of the floral axis and leaf organs ( bracts ) of a highly compressed shoot system with various higher orders, or other, older opinion from before - and cover sheets ( bracts , bracts) formed, sometimes woody enclosure partially with scales or spines that the flowers, fruits of the Fagaceae completely or partially covered. The cupule has been shown to be a complex structure interpreted as an indured (hardened), condensed partial inflorescence formed by the fusion of stem axes with multiple rows of branches, with bracts modified as scales and / or spines.

Such fruit cups surround, for example, the beechnuts , acorns (here also hats) or chestnuts . The nut fruits of these species, which sit in a cupula, are also known as calybium .

Some other species are also sometimes referred to as a “cupula” or “fruit cup”, such as B. with some birch plants like the hazelnut or with pseudo-beech , balanops and also with the, with some fruits of the laurel plants adhering flower base , cups, however these fruit cups originated from other structures and should be demarcated.

In various species such as Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae , Winteraceae and Calycanthaceae , a cupula also refers to the cup of the oil container of oil cells.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ J. König: The shell proves: The walnut is really a nut. In: Information Service Science. dated July 21, 2006.
  2. ^ Peter Sitte, Hubert Ziegler, Friedrich Ehrendorfer, Andreas Bresinsky: Strasburger, textbook of botany. 33rd edition. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart / Jena / New York 1991, ISBN 3-437-20447-5 , p. 772.
  3. ↑ Beat S. Fey: Research results from the inflorescence range of the Fagaceae (beech family), problems of family tree reconstructions and introduction to a creationist-scientific way of working. In: factum. July / August 1984, pp. 12-27, online (PDF: 22.8 MB). on beat-samuel-fey.ch, accessed on July 10, 2018.
  4. ↑ Andrew Rozefelds, Andrew Drinnan: Ontogeny of pistillate flowers and inflorescences in Nothofagus subgenus Lophozonia (Nothofagaceae) In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. 233 (1), 2002, pp. 105-126, DOI: 10.1007 / s00606-002-0214-0 .
  5. ↑ Doris Merino Sutter, Peter K. Endress: Female Flower and Cupule Structure in Balanopaceae, an Enigmatic Rosid Family. In: Ann Bot. 92 (3), 2003, pp. 459-469, DOI: 10.1093 / aob / mcg158 .
  6. ^ Ray F. Evert: Esau's Plant Anatomy. De Gruyter, 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-020592-3 , p. 435.