Countermovement
In the natural sciences, a countermovement is the direction of a movement that runs counter to the prevailing or expected movement.
In physics and technology one uses z. B. the countercurrent principle , the mutual induction or the upstream milling . The natural effects include a. various collisions or the atmospheric counter radiation . But it can also be the reaction to a process, see Actio et reactio .
Well-known examples in astronomy are retrograde satellites or temporarily retrograde planets before the starry sky . The latter is only an apparent phenomenon and occurs when an outer planet is overtaken by the earth on its "inner orbit".
In sociology and politics , counter-movements are clear reactions to social changes or against a trend - for example, many uprisings against unbearable conditions, revolutions and counter-revolutions , the Reformation and Counter-Reformation , movements such as Back to Nature , the Counter-Enlightenment , anti-militarism , various peace movements or pauperism .
See also: social history , social movement , contrast , reversal
Counter-movement in art
Also art and literature know counter-movements, for example,
- the Viennese classic with its emotional reaction to baroque music
- the minimalist as a countermovement to Abstract Expressionist,
- the Critical regionalism in architecture
- or the neo-romanticism in literature around 1890–1915.
See also: historicism , symbolism , dualism , realism (art) , secession