Managed democracy
Guided democracy (English guided or managed democracy , Indonesian Demokrasi Terpimpin , Russian Управляемая демократия ) is a name for a form of government between democracy and authoritarianism . As a political concept, it was first practiced by Indonesian President Sukarno in 1959–1965 to keep the country's various political currents together. In many media and partly also by representatives of the Russian government this term is or was used for the reign of President Vladimir Putin in Russia from spring 2000 to May 2008 or even for the late reign of Boris Yeltsin .
history
The first concept of a democracy to appear under the name of "Guided Democracy" and understood positively by the author was developed in the 1920s by Walter Lippmann in Public Opinion (1922) and in "The Phantom Public" (The imaginary public , 1925).
With and since the Cold War , the term has been associated with the Sukarnos government from 1945 to 1967 in Indonesia . The “steering” consisted in the attempts of the president to hold together the society, which was divided into the different ideologies of the Cold War ( Demokrasi Terpimpin ) . The term is subsequently applied to numerous regimes in developing, emerging and transition countries.
Russia
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, a new constitution for the Russian Federation was passed under President Boris Yeltsin in December 1993 - “50 percent from French constitutional inspiration, 30 percent from American inspiration and 20 percent from imperial Russian heritage” - which showed a significant concentration of power with the president . Some observers spoke of a defective democracy , but Yeltsin then defended this constitution:
"What do you want? In a country that is used to tsars and leaders; in a country in which no clear interest groups have emerged, in which the bearers of interests are not determined, but normal parties are just beginning to emerge; in a country where legal nihilism is at home everywhere - do you want to put the main emphasis solely or primarily on parliament in such a country? […] Every time has its own balance of power in a democratic system. Today in Russia this balance turns out to be in favor of the President. "
After the presidential elections in Russia in 2000 , from which Vladimir Putin emerged victorious, the democratic institutions of the constitution such as elections and the parliament remained , but they were increasingly subjected to strict control and guidance by the president and his administration. The separation of powers that still existed under Yeltsin has largely been dismantled and the freedom of media coverage has been severely restricted. Putin replaced Yeltsin's defective democracy and its system of polycentrically split power with a controlled democracy with a tight vertical of power.
By representatives of the Russian government or persons close to it, Putin's administration was often referred to as uprawljajemaja Demokratie , whereby the Russian uprawljat corresponds to the German “manage”, “steer” or “direct”. In German-language publications, uprawljajemaja Demokratie is therefore mostly translated as "Guided Democracy", in English as managed democracy or guided democracy , whereby the terms "steer" or "steer" in Russia as opposites to the chaos, insecurity or disorder of the early 1990s Boris Yeltsin usually have a positive connotation.
After the presidential election on March 2, 2008 , there were effectively two decision-making centers with equal rights in Russia: President Dmitri Medvedev and Prime Minister Putin. The controlled democracy was largely preserved. The term tandem democracy (more rarely also tandem democracy ) alludes to the new political dual leadership and at the same time to the persistent democratic deficits.
literature
- Margareta Mommsen and Angelika Nussberger : The Putin System: Guided Democracy and Political Justice in Russia . 2nd updated and expanded edition. Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-54790-4 .
Web links
- Directed democracy - only undemocratic? Or also dangerous to the public? , Jens Siegert, Heinrich Böll Foundation, April 6, 2009
- Russia's controlled democracy. The tandem Putin - Medwedjew , Margareta Mommsen, Professor of Political Science at the University of Munich, May 2009
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://www.nachdenkseiten.de/?p=4121
- ↑ Grave in Bali
- ^ A b c Margareta Mommsen: Russia's controlled democracy. The tandem Putin - Medvedev . Voices of the time. May 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
- ↑ https://www.ft.com/content/39682de4-053d-11db-9b9e-0000779e2340
- ↑ Brian Whitmore: Tandemology 2.0 . Radio Free Europe. January 10, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2011.