Gender Pension Gap
The Gender Pension Gap , shortly GPG , German about: gender gap retirement , is a key figure that the relative difference between the pension income of women and men describes, basing on the gender income inequality over the life course. The Gender Pension Gap is usually much higher than the Gender Pay Gap (gender-specific wage gap), as the income differences between the sexes and the labor force participation add up here and therefore the income differences of the last 50 years or so are currently included.
The background for the development of the key figure was to better understand the effects of politically responsible, family and individual factors on the old-age security of women and men. Because to this day in most countries not only the old age incomes of women and men differ significantly, but also their life and employment histories . They are shaped by social framework conditions that form the basis for joint decisions in the partnership as well as personal wishes.
definition
The Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FIT) explains in 2011: “The Gender Pension Gap is defined as the percentage difference between the average personal pension income of all women under consideration and the average personal pension income of the corresponding group of men.” In the personal pension income This includes not only income from statutory pension insurance, but also income from company pension schemes and private life insurance - but not income from survivors' pensions .
formula
The formula for the calculation:
OECD
In the 37 member states of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the gender pension gap averaged 28% in 2011, with Germany having the highest (45%) and Estonia (5%) the smallest difference in age income between the sexes - the the following list shows 25 of the states:
| country | GPG |
|---|---|
| Estonia | 5.2% |
| Slovakia | 7.2% |
| Denmark | 7.6% |
| Czech Republic | 13.7% |
| Iceland | 15.6% |
| Hungary | 15.7% |
| Norway | 23.1% |
| Poland | 24.6% |
| Slovenia | 25.0% |
| Greece | 25.1% |
| Finland | 27.1% |
| 37 countries ø | 28.0% |
| Sweden | 29.4% |
| Belgium | 31.2% |
| Portugal | 31.5% |
| Italy | 31.8% |
| Spain | 33.3% |
| Switzerland | 34.2% |
| Ireland | 34.8% |
| USA (2010) | 34.9% |
| France | 37.0% |
| Austria | 38.6% |
| Great Britain | 39.6% |
| Netherlands | 41.4% |
| Luxembourg | 44.2% |
| Germany | 44.8% |
Germany
Development since 1992
In Germany, an evaluation of the studies on old-age provision shows the development from 1992 to 2007:
| country | 1992 | 1995 | 1999 | 2003 | 2007 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Old lands | 69.2 | 68.6 | 64.3 | 63.3 | 59.6 |
| new countries | 39.3 | 44.8 | 46.2 | 43.4 | 36.7 |
| Germany as a whole | 72.5 | 72.4 | 67.7 | 67.1 | 63.8 |
According to marital status
The gender pension gap is significantly larger for married and widowed people than for divorced and single people:
| 2007 | married | widowed | divorced | single |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Old lands | 68.5 | 70.0 | 19.4 | 7.9 |
| new countries | 38.8 | 41.2 | 13.0 | 2.7 |
| Germany as a whole | 63.8 | 65.4 | 18.8 | 9.0 |
After the highest professional qualification
The gender pension gap in the new federal states is consistently significantly lower than in the old ones . Depending on the highest professional qualification, there is a step-like decrease in the gender pension gap from west to east and from low to high professional qualifications:
| 2007 | no professional qualification |
simple to intermediate professional qualification |
Master / technician degree |
Technical college degree |
university graduation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Old lands | 60.8 | 57.8 | 57.2 | 49.5 | 41.6 |
| new countries | 36.0 | 31.3 | 29.7 | 25.3 | 14.3 |
| Germany as a whole | 58.1 | 54.2 | 52.2 | 44.7 | 35.6 |
By age
The younger the age cohort, the more the gender pension gap decreases. In the west, even the youngest age group has a higher gender pension gap than the oldest in the east:
| 2007 | 65 to <70 | 70 to <75 | 75 to <80 | over 80 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Old lands | 59.3 | 62.8 | 64.6 | 68.8 |
| new countries | 27.2 | 35.9 | 40.7 | 49.2 |
| Germany as a whole | 54.3 | 58.2 | 60.7 | 66.0 |
literature
- German Institute for Economic Research (DIW): DIW weekly report 5/2017: Gender Pension Gap. May 2017 ( PDF: 575 kB, 16 pages on diw.de).
- Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut (WSI): Large pension gap between men and women: Results from the WSI GenderDatenPortal. In: WSI report. No. 29, June 2016 ( PDF: 1.9 MB, 70 pages at boeckler.de).
- Judith Flory, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FIT): Gender Pension Gap. Development of an indicator for fair income prospects for women and men. Published by the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ), Berlin December 2011 ( PDF: 950 kB, 26 pages on bmfsfj.de).
Web links
- Monika Lier: company pension communication has a gender gap. In: Versicherungswirtschaft-heute.de . June 9, 2020 (“Men and women cannot be won over to the company pension scheme in the same way”).
- Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): New OECD data and analysis revealing the wide gap in pension benefits between men and women. In: OECD.org. March 2015 (English).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Judith Flory, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FIT): Gender Pension Gap. Development of an indicator for fair income prospects for women and men. Published by the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ), Berlin December 2011 ( PDF: 950 kB, 26 pages on bmfsfj.de).
- ↑ a b Judith Flory, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FIT): Gender Pension Gap. Development of an indicator for fair income prospects for women and men. Published by the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ), Berlin December 2011, p. 9 ( PDF: 950 kB, 26 pages on bmfsfj.de).
- ^ Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): New OECD data and analysis revealing the wide gap in pension benefits between men and women. In: OECD.org. March 2015, accessed on June 11, 2020.