History of the Canadian Newspapers

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

There have been five major epochs in the history of Canadian newspapers in the development of the modern newspaper. It begins with the "founding era" from 1750 to 1800, when printing technology and newspapers first came to Canada in the form of publications of government news and proclamations; followed by the "Partisan Period" from 1800 to 1850 when individual printers and editors played a large role in politics. The Nation Building Period from 1850 to 1900, when the Canadian editors began to create a common nationalist view of Canadian society. In the "modern period" from 1900 to the 1980s, the industry became more professional and the newspaper chains grew. In the “current history” since the 1990s, outside interest groups took over the newspaper chains when they were confronted with new competition from the Internet.

Founding period 1750 to 1800

Under French rule there was no printing press or newspaper of any kind. All newspapers in the British colonies were supplied by the 13 US colonies. The press in Canada emerged as a government tool to print for official government. "The discovery of this unrealized potential terrified those in power and began a centuries-long period of harassment and intimidation to control what is now called the power of the press." Information that meant criticism of the government was definitely not welcome , especially after the end of the American Revolution in 1783, there were large numbers of loyal United Empire supporters.

Eventually, the Canadian printers began a process that involved more than printing government news and proclamations. Many of the early editors and printers were great figures who used their papers to convey their own political views, and it was for this very reason that they suffered great harshness from the government. There was little local news printed, little news from other parts of Canada, and no system of newspaper exchange among publishers. The first advertisement appeared in the 1780s. The Quebec Gazette, July 12, 1787, had a classified ad that read:

“For sale, a sturdy negress, active and obedient, about 18 years old, who had smallpox, is used to household chores, knows how to do the kitchen, knows how to wash, iron, sew and is very good at caring for people from children. She can adapt to an English, French or German family because she speaks all three languages. "

- WH Kesterton : in: A history of journalism in Canada, 1967, p. 7

Gazettes and American foundations

This was an era when the culture of printing was introduced into British North America, promoting a reading public. All newspapers except "The Upper Canada Gazette" were founded by Americans. This is in part because the British-American colonies formed earlier than the British-Canadian colonies. In 1783, after the American Revolution, about 60,000 loyalists migrated, of which about 30,000 moved to Canada, who then brought the printing press with them. All newspapers from that early hour started directly as official government organs. They were all dependent on government favor and only printed information that the government tolerated. In each province there was a weekly gazette (named after " The London Gazette ", the English government organ that had existed since 1665), which circulated the many notices of the colonial administrators.

At that time there was no “political sphere”, all political information was controlled by the elite. In the first decades of British North America, the primary purpose was to spread official propaganda - freedom of the press was an alien idea. Shortly before the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries there was also no public sphere in Canada and therefore no press in it.

The first printers and publishers

It was the first printers and publishers, around the turn of the century, who worked on the slow and difficult process of depicting the truth, thus liberalizing the press in Canada. These men have faced many obstacles, including beatings and imprisonment, and the very serious and very common threat of criminal charges for criminal activity or seditious denial. The early press was an essential tool of colonial administration, and anyone trying to publish anything other than government announcements experienced the harshness of the government. There was a prohibition to publish that legislative procedure that the clerk could possibly bring before the court. These were colonial laws used by British authorities to establish loyalty; and the penalties were severe. As a result, many of these brave early printers and publishers lived in fear, in massive debt, and under constant persecution.

John Bushell (1715–1761)

Bushell partnered with Bartholomew Green , who died before they could realize their plans. Bushell moved from Boston to Halifax and opened a printing business. On March 23, 1752, Bushell published his first edition of the Halifax Gazette , becoming the first "King's Printer" in the colony. He was an independent contractor who received no government salary. What government officials believed their subjects would need, on the one hand, and what subscribers and advertisers wanted on the other, were not necessarily the same. He sat between the chairs. The government did not believe in his loyalty, so the provincial secretary eventually became the editor of his newspaper. Facing these obstacles, Bushell eventually struggled with debt and alcohol addiction that eventually led to his death.

Anton Heinrich (1734–1800)

Heinrich learned the trade in Germany, but he came to America as a Pfeiffer in the British Army before moving to Halifax and changing his name to Henry Anthony. He wanted to "adapt it appropriately" to the English language. Henry bought Bushell's businesses including the Halifax Gazette . In October 1765, he printed an editorial in the Gazette suggesting that the residents of Nova Scotia were against the Stamp Act. This led to doubts about his loyalty, so he had to flee back to Massachusetts and close the Gazette. Eventually he returned after his government pardon and was hired to print the newspaper under the name Royal Gazette .

William Brown (1737–1789) and Thomas Gilmore (1741–1773)

Brown was from Philadelphia. As one of two men, he founded the government-funded Quebec Gazette in 1764 . The newspaper was bilingual and was heavily censored and scrutinized by the government.

Fleury Mesplet (1734–1794)

He immigrated to Montreal from France and had come to the country with the intention of becoming a printer. However, he was banned from doing so on suspicion before he could print anything. He was believed to be a US sympathizer and allegedly had ties and connections with Benjamin Franklin. In 1778 he printed Canada's first full French newspaper, The Gazette (Montreal) . However, his editor Valentin Jautard struck radical tones in the articles, so that both men were jailed. In 1782 he was released and allowed to return to work for the government since he was the only capable printer, although he remained limited in his profession.

Louis Roy (1771-1799)

On April 18, 1793, Roy founded the Upper Canada Gazette , which lasted until 1849. In 1797, Roy left the newspaper, who he was politically persecuted after printing highly explosive opinions. He fled to New York.

Partisan era (1800–1850)

This is an era when printers and publishers began to have success in their efforts to free the press from government control. The newspapers were organs of the political parties and publishers and played an important role in local politics. The discussion and debate surrounded the political sphere in the coastal region of the North Atlantic and was also actively conducted in the interior of Canada. The partisan newspapers of the 19th century became part of the public sphere. Great strides were made in the process of democratizing the press and in 1891 the right to report on political processes was finally won. The newspapers of this era did not differ significantly from one another and promoted the democratization of information. They began to undermine the traditional hierarchical social structures and thereby weaken them.

Printer and editor

The development of the public sphere in Canada has been closely related to the development of a free press, and there are many parallels to be found. Most of the early publishers were - or became - very active politicians until the mid-19th century. At that time there was a growing need for political debate. The independent printers of the era began to use their opinion-forming columns to challenge the political class, expose government errors, and even promote certain candidates. These men were great personalities, and they were fearless at giving voice to even unpopular opinions. As a result, newspapers have often become a forum for debate between conflicting printers. The political topic that was discussed the most was the question of the "Responsible Government" (in English: "Responsible Government"). In this system, the executive was responsible for the election of the legislature. None of the laws could be passed without the consent of the legislature. Inland, however, the appointed executive remained responsible only for colonial rule, which Britain had to account for by 1855. Many of the editors and printers or politicians of the time dealt with this key topic. During this era, printers still worked in very difficult conditions. As in the previous era, many of the printers and publishers were plagued by debt and had to work tirelessly to earn enough to advance their political careers and keep the newspaper alive. These men continued the difficult work of liberalizing the Canadian press, and it was in the history of these men that despite all the difficulties, the first successes were seen.

Le Canadien. November 22, 1806, Volume 1, 1st edition

Le Canadien

" Le Canadien " was a French-language weekly newspaper in Lower Canada that was published from November 22, 1806 to March 14, 1810. Their motto was: “Nos institutions, notre langue et nos droits” (Our institutions, our language and our rights). It was the political mouthpiece of the Parti canadien (a liberal Francophone party) and the voice of the liberal elite and merchants. The newspaper was repeatedly active as an editor for the responsible government, clearly represented the opinion of Canadians and defended their traditions against the British rulers. At the same time, however, they confessed their loyalty to the king. In 1810, Governor James Henry Craig had the editor Pierre Bédard and his colleagues arrested at the newspaper for criticizing and imprisoned without a trial. The newspaper was re-published in the 1830s under Étienne Parent , who in turn was jailed by the responsible government in 1839. During the period of rebellion, she criticized the Durham Report, which opposed unification with Upper Canada, and supported the Lafontaine Ministry. The newspaper was an essential pillar of liberalism until it closed towards the end of the century.

Gideon and Sylvester Tiffany

The two brothers started out as official government printers in the 1790s. But they refused to print only state-approved news, instead they published news from America. When they ignored government warnings, they were officially persecuted. In April 1797, Gideon was charged with blasphemy, released, convicted, and imprisoned. Sylvester was also charged with treasonous and seditious behavior. In his defense speech, he declared, “As a printer of the people, it is my duty to help them with my head, heart and hand (...). The interests of the king and the people are inseparable. ”Eventually the brothers were forced to give up the printing trade. New Year's Eve tried a number of other newspapers before moving to New York.

Titus Geer Simons

Simmons was named the king's new printer after the Tiffany brothers were prosecuted by the judiciary, despite not having been trained in printing. However, the Tiffany brothers stayed and continued to dictate the content of some newspapers until 1799.

William Lyon Mackenzie

Mackenzie had a great influence on the political development in Lower Canada (Ontario) and was a strong supporter of the system of "Responsible Government". In 1824 he founded the "Colonial Advocate". It was the first independent newspaper in the province to have a political impact. Mackenzie viewed the colonial administration as incompetent, ineffective, and too expensive, and he used the advocate to convey that opinion. Because of these columns, it became one of the most widely-read newspapers. However, it was not profitable for Mackenzie, so he struggled with debt for many years. In 1826 his print shop was broken into and destroyed by a mob. When Mackenzie sued the attackers, he won the case and received enough money to repair the damage to the print shop and repay his debts, especially as he also gained public sympathy. Mackenzie is the first example of an editor who used his printed matter as a tool to address troubled politics at the time. And so a door was opened for the newspaper genre so that it could enter the public sphere.

Joseph Howe

In 1828 Joseph Howe took over the "Weekly Chronicle" in Halifax and renamed it "Acadian". He also bought the " Novascotian ". His aggressive journalism made him the voice of Nova Scotia. Originally he was very loyal to the British government, but his trust in Nova Scotia grew so that he switched to the other side. Like MacKenzie, he also called for self-determination in the name of “Responsible Government”. In 1835 Howe was prosecuted for a criminal offense in one of his articles. In his defense speech at his trial, he spoke out in favor of the freedom of the press, whereby he was formally guilty before the law, but was quickly acquitted by the jury. His success in the process made him a local hero in Nova Scotia. It was this success that finally brought him to the provincial parliament, until in the end he even became prime minister of the province.

Henry David Winton (1793–1855)

Winton came to Newfoundland on August 28, 1818. In 1820 he founded the Public Ledger and Newfoundland General Advisor, the fourth newspaper in St. John's. Winton used the newspaper to publish his own political ideas in which he loyally stood by the “responsible government”. Because of his very strong political convictions, he eventually became an opponent of the Catholics, at least insofar as they were supporters of the reform government. This attitude made some people want to harm him. On May 19, 1835, Winton was attacked by a group of unknown people who cut off his ears. Despite these and other similar threats, Winton continued to write in opposition to the reform government until his death.

John Ryan (1761-1847) and William Lewis

Ryan was an American emigrant who, with the help of William Lewis, published the first edition of the Royal St. John's Gazette in 1807, making it the earliest newspaper in Newfoundland. Ryan soon began to express his anger at the government and injustice in the Kund newspaper, often to the annoyance of officials.

Joseph Willcocks (1773-1814)

In 1806 Willcocks settled in Niagara, where he began to publish the "Upper Canada Guardian" or "Freeman's Journal", which he used as a vehicle for his political opinions and criticism. In the same year he was jailed for despising the parliamentary chamber. He officially entered politics in 1808 and became Canada's first notable leader of the opposition, which was directed against those who voted for the colonial government. He finished printing the newspaper in 1812. In July 1813, he offered this service to the Americans while still holding a seat on the legislative assembly. This was officially interpreted as treason in 1814.

Period of the emergence of the nation and the formation of myths (1850-1900)

The Montreal Evening Star in 1869

The publishers were now free from direct government control. Even so, it continued to covertly influence publishers, trying to gain influence over the content through private channels and only placing paid advertisements in newspapers that the government approved. For the most part, the radical newspapers of the public sphere had served their purposes, so that they became somewhat more impartial as the process progressed. More than ever before, technological progress was of great importance. The newspapers of the time played a role in establishing the Canadian identity. In the publications of that time, conformity and orthodoxy were celebrated. Unlike the sparkling publications in the past, those who advocated rejection of order were not given justifications.

Printer and editor

During this period the government was largely free of the restrictions imposed by government in the past, so printers and editors took on a role in establishing the Canadian identity. As before, many of them were involved in politics, and they continued to use their newspapers to convey their political attitudes to reinforce progress and change.

George Brown (1818-1880)

George Brown (1818–1880) and his father immigrated to Toronto in 1837 from Scotland. In 1843 they founded the Banner, a Presbyterian weekly newspaper that promoted Free Church principles and political reform. In 1944, Brown founded The Globe and Mail , a newspaper with great political ambitions. Brown bought up many competitors and increased the circulation using advanced technology. In 1860 it was Canada's largest newspaper. Brown went into politics in the 1850s and became a leader in the Reform Party, which was subsequently able to sign a treaty that eventually led to the Confederation and the founding of Canada. Then he left parliament again, but continued to convey his political views in the "Globe". Brown fought endless battles with the Typographical Association union from 1843 to 1872. He did not pay union wages out of generosity, but only after union pressure became too great. In 1880, he was murdered by a disgruntled former worker from his factory.

Modeste Demers (1809–1871)

In 1856, Bishop Modeste Demers imported a hand press in Victoria to print religious materials. However, it remained unused until 1858, when the American printer Frederick Marriott used it to print four different newspapers in British Columbia. The most influential among them was the "British Colonist". The Demers printing house was used for printing newspapers until 1908.

Amor De Cosmos (1825-1897)

Amor de Cosmos was the founder of the "British Colonist". He was known to use his newspaper to express his political opinion. De Cosmos finally entered politics, took on a leadership position, called for political reforms and put pressure on “Responsible Government”. He was elected to represent Victoria in the House of Commons while at the same time serving as British Columbia Prime Minister. He was outspoken and eccentric and made a number of enemies in the course of his life. He was charged with a union scandal that eventually forced him to quit politics. He eventually had a complete breakdown and died.

Modern era from 1900 to the 1980s

Economic change

Starting in the 1870s, there were new aggressive editors, including Hugh Graham of the Montreal Star , and John Ross Robertson of the Toronto Telegram and the voice of the working class, Orange Protestantism. They adapted the model of the American dime press and sold cheap newspapers with partisanship and an emphasis on local reporting of crime, scandals and corruption. Reports from the entertainment industry and show business were now placed in prominent positions, with the rise and fall of celebrities being particularly accompanied. New sections have been introduced to attract women to the readership, such as articles on fashion, personal care and cooking recipes. The new technology made printing cheaper and faster, and encouraged publishers to run multiple editions a day with updated news in major cities. In 1899 the "Montreal Star" sold 52,600 copies a day and in 1913 40 percent of the circulation was sold outside of Montreal. The newspaper dominated the English-speaking market. In 1900, most Canadian newspapers dealt with local affairs, designed to inform local parties about the political scene in the province and the country. The publishers were dependent on the local parties, just as the concessions to print were controlled by the political parties. Objectivity was not the goal. The editors and reporters were more anxious to reinforce partisan attitudes towards larger public issues. With the rise of national advertising agencies after 1900, an important transformation in the industry began. The advertising agencies wanted to achieve the maximum possible circulation while being independent of parties. The result was that much larger independent newspapers emerged, more dependent on advertising revenue and subscriptions, and less on loyal party members. In 1900, three-quarters of Toronto's newspaper revenues came from advertising. About two-thirds of the editors support either the Conservative or the Liberal party while the rest gained greater independence. Cross-border it became apparent that the news sites were becoming increasingly objective and that the opinion of two parties was being presented. In addition, the publishers concentrated increasingly on advertising income, the amount of which was proportional to the total circulation. A newspaper that only reported the opinion of one party would halve its potential readership. At the same time, the rapid industrial growth in Ontario and Quebec, coupled with the rapid settlement of the prairie, created an increasingly wealthy readership. The result was a golden age for Canadian newspapers that culminated in 1911. However, many newspapers failed during the First World War. The advertising agencies gained a huge advantage in 1915 with the creation of the Audit Bureau of Circulations , which for the first time provided reliable data on circulation, in contrast to the boasting and exaggeration of the party newspapers that had been the norm until then. The agencies now had a stronger position in the negotiations for lower advertising prices. The 1920s were a time of consolidation, budget cuts and the abandonment of traditional party affiliations. By 1930, only 24% of Canadian daily newspapers were party-affiliated, 17% were "independent" party newspapers, and 50% had become completely independent.

Main newspapers

Globe and Mail

In 1936 two major newspapers were merged: "The Globe" (circulation: 78,000) absorbed The Mail and Empire (circulation: 118,000). The latter, in turn, arose after the merger of two conservative newspapers in 1895, The Toronto Mail and the Toronto Empire , The Empire was founded in 1887 by Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald .

Globe and Mail staff await news of the D-Day invasion on June 6, 1944.

Although the new The Globe and Mail lost ground in the local Toronto market and The Toronto Star grew stronger, it began to expand and was sold nationwide across Canada. The newspaper was unionized under the American Newspaper Guild banner in 1955 . In 1980 "Globe and Mail" was bought by The Thomson Corporation , a company owned by the Kenneth Thomson family . As a result there were some changes in the political orientation of the newspaper. The national and international news as well as the editorial, the op-ed (written prose piece) and the front page received more attention. This approach was in contrast to the previous policy, in which the emphasis was on the local content of Toronto and Ontario.

Newspaper chains

Roy Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet , bought his first newspaper in 1934 for the low price of $ 200 and acquired the local daily newspapers in Timmins, Ontario. He began with an expansion policy at both radio stations and the newspaper in different places in Ontario, working with the bright mind, the Canadian Jack Kent Cooke. By the early 1950s he owned 19 newspapers and was President of the Canadian Daily Newspaper Publishers Association. One daily newspaper after the other was either closed or bought up by national chains such as Postmedia Network (formerly Southam) or the Thomson Corporation , an international group of companies. The government commissioned studies but was unable to intervene or reverse this trend. In 1970 the Senate Committee on the Mass Media or the Davey Committee warned that the trend would not solidify. Their recommendations were not followed and the concentration process continued. The Kent Commission, formed in 1981 as the Royal Commission on Newspapers, has also been ignored.

Current affairs since the 1990s

During this period, external interest groups took over the newspaper chains, making them part of a large conglomerate. By 2004, the five largest chains controlled 72 percent of the newspapers and 79 percent of the circulation. The new competition from the Internet posed a major threat, on the one hand to the news commodity as such and on the other hand to advertising revenues. The decline in newspaper sales occurred around the world, causing Canadian advertising to shift from print media and television to the Internet. Advertising revenues fell consistently from $ 2.6 billion to $ 1.9 billion in 2011, and there was no end in sight at the time. The number of copies also fell steadily. The newspaper chains minimized production costs and reduced the number of pages. In addition, traditional sections have been closed, for example the detailed stock market reports. They set up payment barriers in order to be able to bill for access via the Internet.

The National Post

Conrad Black started his national newspaper chain Hollinger International in the 1990s by buying the Southam Newspaper, which also included the Ottawa Citizen, the Montreal Gazette, the Edmonton Journal, the Calgary Herald, and the Vancouver Sun. For a brief period of time, Hollinger owned nearly 60 percent of all Canadian newspapers. Blank converted a Toronto business newspaper into the National Post and made it the chain's flagship. The political direction of the editorial was conservative. In the early years under editor Ken Whyte, Black delivered himself into a bitter newspaper war with the Globe and Mail . Black sold the "National Post" to CanWest Global in 2000/01. By 2006, the national distribution system was severely curtailed in order to reduce costs and survive. By 2008 Globe and Mail and the National Post had a combined circulation of 3.4 million.

CanWest

A typical network was CanWest until it collapsed in 2009. It was founded by Izzy Asper (1932-2003), a tax attorney, journalist, and politician from Manitoba. He started a local TV station in 1975 and formed the nation's largest news publisher with The National Post as its flagship. CanWest also bought the Southam chain. It owned Global network and E! television as well as the "Allianz Atlantis Group" with its branch channels. At its height in the early 21st century, it owned the Canada.com Internet portal and had interests in radio and television broadcasters in Australia and Turkey. CanWest went bankrupt in 2009. The newspapers were taken over by Postmedia Network , while the transmission systems were sold elsewhere to Shaw Communications .

Quebec Newspapers

Quebec has always had a largely independent newspaper world. In Montreal there was one daily newspaper in English ( The Gazette ) and three in French ( La Presse, Le Devoir and Le Journal de Montréal ). There were two daily newspapers in Québec City, Le Soleil and Le Journal de Québec . Outside of the big cities of Quebec, The Record (Sherbrooke) was in English; five have been published in French: Le Droit (Gatineau / Ottawa), Le Nouvelliste (Trois-Rivières), Le Quotidien (Saguenay), La Tribune (Sherbrooke) and La Voix de l'est (Granby). The consolidation eventually led to all but one French-language newspapers belonging to two large media consortia. One consortium is Gesca , part of the Power Corporation of Canada and is controlled by the Desmarais family. The other consortium is called Quebecor Media and controls most of the television and magazine market in Quebec. With 36 English-language newspapers, it was the largest chain in Canada for a few years. Quebecor Media is a large conglomerate controlled by Pierre Karl Péladeau and who also has a majority stake in Quebequor itself, which in turn includes many local newspapers, magazines, free newspapers and internet services in French. The company has trimmed the newspaper division to focus on its broadcast, cable and cellular businesses. In 2013, Quebecor Media sold 74 weeklies in Quebeck to Transcontinental Inc. for $ 75 million. At the end of 2014, Quebecor also sold its 175 English-language Sun Media newspapers and many Internet sites to the Canadian group "Postmedia Network" for $ 316 million. Postmedia now owns all of the daily newspapers in Edmonton, Calgary and Ottawa. Since 2013, Gesca has been responding to the challenges of the Internet by expanding its free online services, financed by advertising.

See also

Publishers, editors and personalities

Montreal Newspapers

Toronto Newspapers

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Douglas Fetherling: The Rise of the Canadian Newspaper . Oxford University Press, Toronto 1949, ISBN 0-19-540707-5 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Chris Raible: The Power of the Press: The Story of Early Canadian Printers and Publishers . James Lorimer & Company, 2007, ISBN 978-1-55028-982-4 .
  3. ^ WH Kesterton, A history of journalism in Canada, p. 7.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l John Dictionary: Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved November 5, 2016 .
  5. ↑ James John Talman, "The Newspapers of Upper Canada a Century Ago." Canadian Historical Review 19 # 1 (1938): 9-23.
  6. ↑ Canadien, Le . In: Gerald Hallowell (Ed.): Oxford Companion to Canadian History . Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-19-542438-7 , pp. 111 .
  7. ↑ quoted from: William Lyon Mackenzie, in: "The Colonial Advocate", January 26, 1832.
  8. ^ David Flint: William Lyon Mackenzie, Rebel Against Authority . Oxford University Press, 1971, ISBN 0-19-540184-0 .
  9. ^ Lorna Inness, "Joseph Howe: Journalist.," Nova Scotia Historical Quarterly (1973) 3 # 3 pp 159-170.
  10. ^ J. Murray Beck, Joseph Howe: Conservative Reformer 1804-1848. Volume 1 (1982)
  11. ↑ Sally Zerker, "George Brown and the Printers Union," Journal of Canadian Studies (1975) 10 # 1 pp 42-48.
  12. ^ Paul Rutherford, A Victorian authority: the daily press in late nineteenth-century Canada (1982)
  13. ^ Russell Johnston, "Partisan Politics, Market Research, and Media Buying in Canada, 1920," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (2006) 83 # 4
  14. ^ The Globe and Mail Inc .: Private Company Information - Businessweek. In: Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 2012, accessed April 13, 2012 .
  15. ↑ Our history. In: unifor87m.org. Retrieved November 15, 2016 .
  16. ^ Walter I. Romanow, and Walter C. Soderlund, "Thomson Newspapers' Acquisition of 'The Globe and Mail:' A Case Study of Content Change," Gazette: The International Journal for Mass Communication Studies (1988) 41 # 1 pp 5 -17.
  17. ^ Russell Braddon, Roy Thomson of Fleet Street (London: Collins, 1965)
  18. ^ Walter I. Romanow and Walter C. Soderlund. "Thomson Newspapers' acquisition of The Globe and Mail: A case study of content change." International Communication Gazette 41 # 1 (1988): 5-17.
  19. ↑ Thelma McCormack, "The Political Culture and the Press of Canada" Canadian Journal of Political Science (1983) 16 # 3 pp 452-472.
  20. ^ Kai Hildebrandt, Walter C. Soderlund: Canadian Newspaper Ownership in the Era of Convergence: Rediscovering Social Responsibility. University of Alberta, 2005, pp. 15-18 , accessed 2005 .
  21. ^ Chris Powell, "Cutting Costs, Building Walls." Marketing (Nov 19, 2012) Supplement, p 11
  22. ↑ Gaëtan Tremblay, "iPublish or perish: challenges facing the Québec press in the digital age," Media, Culture & Society (Jan 2015) 37 # 1 pp 144-151.
  23. ↑ Marketing Magazine (Sept. 15, 2008) Supplement, p 4
  24. ^ Marc Edge: Asper Nation: Canada's Most Dangerous Media Company . New Star Books, Vancouver 2007, ISBN 978-1-55420-032-0 .
  25. ^ Martin Patriquin, "Newspaper kershuffle ,." Maclean's (Oct 20, 2014)
  26. ↑ Gaëtan Tremblay, "iPublish or perish: challenges facing the Québec press in the digital age," Media, Culture & Society (Jan 2015) 37 # 1 pp 144-151.
  27. ^ Senator Joan Fraser - Liberal Party of Canada. (No longer available online.) Senate of Canada , archived from the original October 23, 2013 ; Retrieved October 17, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.parl.gc.ca
  28. ^ Paul Wells: The last two paragraphs of Norman Webster's May 29 Montreal Gazette column. Maclean's , June 8, 2009, accessed October 17, 2013 .

further reading

  • Allen, Gene. Making National News: A History of Canadian Press (University of Toronto Press, 2013)
  • Canada .: Royal Commission on Newspapers. Available from Canadian Govt. Pub. Center Supply and Services Canada, Hull Que. 1981, ISBN 978-0-660-10954-1 ( gc.ca ).
  • Collins, Ross F .; Palmegiano, EM Rise of Western Journalism, 1815–1914: Essays on the Press in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain & the United States (2008)
  • WA Craick: A History of Canadian Journalism . The Ontario Publishing Company, Limited, Toronto 1959.
  • Dafoe, John W., "Early Winnipeg Newspapers: The Last 70 Years of Journalism at Fort Garry and Winnipeg," Manitoba Historical Society Transactions, Series 3, 1946-47 online
  • Peter Desbarats: Guide to Canadian News Media . Harcourt Brace, 1996 ; Professional journalists covers media of all types, and its processes (eg: how a newsroom functions)
  • Distad, N. Merrill and Linda M. Distad, "Canada" in J. Don Vann, and Rosemary T. VanArsdel (Eds.): Periodicals of Queen Victoria's Empire: An Exploration (1996) pp 372+ in JSTOR
  • Janice Anne Fiamengo . The woman's page: journalism and rhetoric in early Canada (University of Toronto Press, 2008)
  • Gabriele, Sandra. "Gendered mobility, the nation and the woman's page exploring the mobile practices of the Canadian lady journalist, 1888-1895." Journalism 7 # 2 (2006): 174-196.
  • Harkness, Ross. JE Atkinson of the Star (1963)
  • Johnston, Russell. Selling Themselves: The Emergence of Canadian Advertising (2001), scholarly history to 1930
  • WH Kesterton: A History of Journalism in Canada . McClelland and Stewart Limited, Toronto 1967.
  • Koerber, Duncan. "The Role of the Agent in Partisan Communication Networks of Upper Canadian Newspapers." Journal of Canadian Studies / Revue d'études canadiennes 45.3 (2011): 137-165. on-line
  • Koerber, Duncan. "Constructing the Sports Community: Canadian Sports Columnists, Identity, and the Business of Sports in the 1940s." Sport History Review 40 (2009): 126-142. on-line
  • Marjory Lang: Women who made the news: female journalists in Canada, 1880-1945 . McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 1999, ISBN 978-0-7735-1838-4 ( google.com ).
  • Osler, Andrew M. News - The Evolution of Journalism in Canada (1992) 242pp
  • Ron Poulton: The paper tyrant: John Ross Robertson of the Toronto Telegram . Clarke, Irwin & Company , Toronto 1971, ISBN 0-7720-0492-7 .
  • Raible, Chris. The Power of the Press: The Story of Early Canadian Printers and Publishers (James Lorimer & Company, 2007).
  • Retallack, G. Bruce. Drawing the Lines: Gender, Class, Race and Nation in Canadian Editorial Cartoons, 1840--1926 (ProQuest, 2006)
  • Russell, Nick: Morals and the media: ethics in Canadian journalism . UBC Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7748-1089-0 ( google.com ).
  • Rutherford, Paul F. "The People's Press: The Emergence of the New Journalism in Canada, 1869-99." Canadian Historical Review 56 # 2 (1975): 169-191.
  • Paul Rutherford: A Victorian Authority: the daily press in late nineteenth-century Canada . University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1944.
  • Sotiron, Minko. From politics to profit: The commercialization of Canadian daily newspapers, 1890-1920 (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 1997)
  • Talman, James John. "The Newspapers of Upper Canada a Century Ago." Canadian Historical Review 19 # 1 (1938): 9-23

historiography

  • Roy, Fernande, "Recent trends in research on the History of the Press in Quebec: towards a Cultural History," in Daniel Robinson and Gene Allen (Eds.): Communicating in Canada's Past: Essays in Media History (2013) ch 9

Important sources

  • McKim. The Canadian newspaper directory (A. McKim, 1892) & oi online

Web links