Golden Rose Synagogue (Lviv)
The Golden Rose Synagogue was a synagogue in Lviv , Ukraine . It is sometimes also called the TaZ Synagogue or "Nachmanowicz Synagogue" .
history
The first Jewish township in Lviv is mentioned in the 14th century, whereby the Jewish community was under the personal protection of the Polish king. A settlement of a Jewish suburban community in the Lviv suburb, called Krakau , is documented in 1352. In this suburban community existed until at least 1457 a community of Karaites . The suburban community existed independently of the township and had its own synagogues, cult and charity institutions.
A Jewish street in the municipality in Lemberg is already documented in 1387. Until the middle of the 16th century, the Polish king allowed the construction and expansion of synagogues. After that, however, the Roman Catholic church authority prevailed, demanding compliance with canon law. Accordingly, the new synagogue was banned.
New building
A law of 1571 stated that land belonging to a member of the Jewish community could be expropriated. Isaak ben Nachman or Isaak Nachmanowitz had privileges as President of the Council for the Four Lands and banker of King Stefan Batory , after which he was exempted from this law. This enabled him to acquire land for a new synagogue. In 1581 the king allowed the synagogue to be built. Although the archbishop refused permission for the new building, the synagogue was completed in 1582 without the consent of the church according to plans by the architect Paolo Romano from Tujetsch (Switzerland). The great hall was 10.90 m long and 9.70 m wide and was spanned by a ribbed vault, which was divided into four fields. A Renaissance- style Torah shrine , made of limestone, was located on the east wall, with the bima (lectern) in the center of the hall. The exterior of the building was crowned by an attic in the Mannerist style .
In 1587 Isaak Nachmanowitz and his wife bought another piece of land to build a porch with an entrance. The vestibule was built by her son Mordechai and her daughter-in-law Rosa. In 1595 a vestibule and a women's gallery were built into the synagogue. The Jesuits, however, regarded the sacred building as illegal and were able to expropriate the synagogue again. In 1609, however, it was returned. The roof was redesigned as a monopitch roof in the 18th century to divert the rain.
The Jewish community expanded when Lviv became the capital of the Austrian part of Galicia between 1772 and 1914. The new parishioners were mostly Hasids , who built their own shtibl or prayer rooms. The first shtibl was built in 1820. By 1838 there were already six other prayer rooms. In 1869 there were fourteen synagogues and around eighty shtibl in Lviv . In 1939 the Jewish community in Lviv had 109,500 members. In 1941 the synagogue was destroyed by the Nazi regime. In March 1942 and January 1943 about 97,000 members were murdered by the congregation. The reconstruction of the building is currently being discussed.
Surname
A legend tells that thanks to Isaac ben Nachman's daughter-in-law, the synagogue was returned to the community in 1609. The synagogue was named "Golden Rose" after this woman. In 1611 the synagogue could be renovated after an interim expropriation by the Jesuits. David ben Samuel ha-Levi called TaZ (after his main work Sefer Turei Zahav) prayed in the synagogue in the years 1657–1667. Therefore the synagogue is not only called "Goldene-Rosen-Synagoge", but also "TaZ-Synagoge" or "Nachmanowicz-Synagoge" (after Isaak ben Nachman). A "song of surrender", composed by Halevi and sung every year on Shabbat after Purim, draws parallels between the transfer of the synagogue back in 1609 and the liberation of the Jewish people from Egyptian and Babylonian captivity .
literature
- Sergey R. Kravtsov: Di Gildene Royze: The Turei Zahav Synagogue in L'viv. Small series of publications by Bet Tfila - Research Center for Jewish Architecture in Europe, Volume 3. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-86568-138-6 (English with German summary, English summary ).
- Yonah Kreppel: Di Goldene Royze: A historical recommendation. Aygentum un ferlag fun Simkhe Freynd Pshemisl 1927 (Yiddish). Bavarian State Library, Munich. A.hebr.1606l
Web links
- City map of Lviv (from 1849)
- Synagogues in Lvov (Polish)
- Destruction of the Golden Rose Synagogue
- Architectural history of the synagogue by the Center for Jewish Art
- http://www.lvivcenter.org/en/lia/map/?show=objpopup&ci_objectid=274
Coordinates: 49 ° 50 ′ 46 ″ N , 24 ° 1 ′ 47 ″ E