Strela (satellite)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article or section needs to be revised. Details should be given on the talk page. Please help to improve it , and then remove this flag.

Strela ( Russian Стрела , German arrow ) is the name for a system of military communication satellites of the Soviet Union . For reasons of secrecy, these were launched under the name Kosmos with the launch vehicle of the same name until the collapse of the Soviet Union . They were able to receive messages worldwide, store them and send them again over Soviet territory, so that worldwide information transmission became possible. The new satellites are called Gonez (also Gonets , Russian messenger ) and are operated commercially.

Versions

Strela 1

Development of this first version began in the 1960s. The first three satellites were launched on August 18, 1964 with a rocket called Kosmos 38, 39 and 40. This was followed by September 18, 1965 others as Kosmos 42, 43, 49–51, 54–56, 61–63, 71–75, 80–84 and 86–90. They served as prototypes for the use of this technology.

The satellite weighed about 50 kg and had a rounded shape with a diameter of 75 cm and a height of 80 cm with solar cells (15 watt power) on the surface. The typical elliptical orbit was 1432 km to 1488 km altitude with 74 ° inclination , with the first satellites flying on a lower orbit. Kosmos 84 and 90 each had a radionuclide battery on board.

Strela 1M

Production version of the Strela-1, with several dozen of the small Strela 1M and 8 of the large Strela 2M satellites in operational use together. A total of 368 satellites (8 per rocket launch) of this type flew between 1970 and 1992 as Kosmos 336–343, 411–418, 444–451, 504–511, 528–535, 564–571, ​​588–595, 617–624, 641–648, 677–684, 711–718, 732–739, 761–768, 791–798, 825–832, 871–878, 939–946, 976–983, 1013–1020, 1034–1041, 1051– 1058, 1081–1088, 1130–1137, 1156–1163, 1192–1199, 1228–1235, 1250–1257, 1287–1294, 1320–1327, 1357–1364, 1388–1395, 1429–1436, 1473–1480, 1522-1529, 1559-1566, 1635-1642, 1716-1723, 1748-1755, 1794-1801, 1852-1859, 1924-1931, 2008-2015, 2064-2071, 2125-2132, and 2187-2194. From Kosmos 529 onwards, further developed satellites with a mass reduced from 90 kg to 40 kg were used.

Strela 2

Prototypes for the Strela 2M series. The satellites of this series were significantly larger (mass between 700 and 900 kg) and cylindrical in shape with a diameter of 2.04 m and a length of 3.0 m. The energy was supplied with the help of solar cells (150 watt power) on the cylinder surface and additional batteries as a reserve. At around 800 km, the orbit was significantly lower than the Strela 1M satellites with the same inclination. The first launch took place on December 28, 1965 as Kosmos 103 with a Kosmos-1 rocket. Other prototypes were launched as Kosmos 132, 151, 227 and 236 with a Kosmos-3 rocket.

Strela 2M

Production version of the Strela 2. The first attempt at launch took place on June 27, 1970 as Kosmos 352 with a Kosmos 3M rocket. This failed, however, so that it was not until October 16, 1970, Kosmos 372, that the first satellite entered orbit. Other satellites under the names Kosmos 407, 468, 494, (525), 540, 614, 676, 773, 783, 836, 841, 858, 923, 968, 990, 1023, 1048, 1110, 1125, 1140, 1190, 1269, 1302, 1331, 1354, 1371, (1403), 1420, 1452, 1486, 1503, 1538, 1570, 1624, 1680, 1741, 1763, 1777, 1814, 1850, 1898, 1937, 1954, 1992, 2056, 2112, 2150, 2208, 2251 and 2298 followed between 1970 and 1994. Since the satellites broadcast a radio signal on the frequency 153.66 MHz, they could also be easily followed by western countries.

Cosmos 2251 was destroyed on February 10, 2009 in a collision with Iridium-33 .

Strela 3

From 1992, the Strela 1M and 2M satellites were replaced by a newer version. This satellite, based on the AKO Poljot satellite bus, weighs 220 kg and is cylindrical in shape, 1.00 m in diameter and 1.50 m in height, significantly larger than the Strela 1M satellites. The gravitationally stabilized satellite has a storage capacity of 12 Mbits and a transmission rate of 2.4 kBit / s on a transmission frequency between 259 and 265 MHz. The power supply (40 watts) for the 10 watt transmitters was provided by solar cells and nickel hydride batteries of 20 Ah attached to the surface. The flight altitude was about 1400 km. The development of the satellite began in 1973, first flight tests began in 1985 and operational readiness was achieved in 1990. Twelve satellites in two orbits offset by 90 ° are required for operational use. The launch took place with six satellites (apart from the last six, which were launched with a Kosmos-3M) at the same time as a Zyklon-3 rocket . Kosmos 1617–1622, 1690–1695, (1786–1791), 1827–1832, 1875–1880, 1909–1914, 1994–1999, 2038–2043, 2090–2095, 2114–2119, 2143–2148, 2157–2162, 2165–2170, 2197, 2198, 2200, 2202, 2211–2216, 2245–2250, 2252–2257, 2268–2273, 2299–2304, 2328–2339, 2352–2357, (2377–2379), 2384-2386, 2390, 2391, 2400, 2401, 2408, 2409 and 2416 are given. The last launch took place on December 21, 2005, whereby the satellite corresponded to the Gonez-M standard.

Gonez-D

Gonez-D (Russian Гонец ; German Bote ) were prototypes for a commercial version based on the Strela-3 satellite without military transponders . They were started with the designation Kosmos 2199 and Kosmos 2201.

Gonez-D1

Serial version of the Gonez-D, which was marketed for international aid and health organizations from 1990 without great success. The 250 kg satellites had a 10 watt transmitter in the frequency band from 200 to 300 MHz for data rates of 2.4 kbit / s (PSK modulation), 9.6 kbit / s (GMSK modulation) and 64 kbit / s as well as 8 or 12 Mbit storage capacity. Base devices in the form of a handheld PC with a weight of only 1 to 3 kg served as ground stations. The lifespan of the satellites was around one to one and a half years. The flight path was at an altitude of about 1350 km with an inclination of 82.5 °. A total of 12 satellites (3 were lost due to a false start) were launched in threes between 1996 and 2001 with a Zyklon 3 rocket .

Gonez-D1M (Rodnik)

The satellite, also known as Gonez-M, Strela-3M, Rodnik or Rodnika, represents an improved variant of the Gonez-D1 with a mass of 280 kg, onboard storage capacity of 12 MB, 16 uplink and downlink channels each and a service life of 5 to 7 Years ago. The first launch of Gonez-D1M 1 took place on December 21, 2005 with a Kosmos-3M rocket. This was followed on May 23, 2008 by three more satellites (Kosmos 2437 - 2439) that were launched with a Rokot KM rocket. The last three satellites (Kosmos 2451, 2452 and 2453) were brought on July 6, 2009 with a Rockot rocket from the Plesetsk launch site to an orbit with 82.5 ° inclination and a slightly elliptical orbit with an altitude between 1200 km and 1500 km . Three more Strela-3M satellites were launched on January 15, 2013 (Kosmos 2482, 2483, 2484), December 25, 2013 (Kosmos 2488, 2489 and 2490), on May 24, 2014 (Kosmos 2496, 2497 and 2498), placed in orbit with a Rockot rocket on September 23, 2015 (Kosmos 2507, 2508 and 2509) and November 30, 2018 (2530, 2531 and 2532).

Web links

swell

  1. ^ A b Gunter Krebs: Strela-1 (11F610). In: Gunter's Space Page. July 26, 2011, accessed September 2, 2011 .
  2. ↑ Strela-1 in the Encyclopedia Astronautica , accessed on September 2, 2011 (English).
  3. ↑ Strela-1M in the Encyclopedia Astronautica, accessed on September 2, 2011 (English).
  4. ^ Gunter Krebs: Strela-2 (11F610). In: Gunter's Space Page. July 26, 2011, accessed September 2, 2011 .
  5. ^ Gunter Krebs: Strela-2M (11F610). In: Gunter's Space Page. July 26, 2011, accessed September 2, 2011 .
  6. ^ Gunter Krebs: Strela-3 (17F13). In: Gunter's Space Page. July 26, 2011, accessed September 2, 2011 .
  7. ^ Gonets D1 - Summary. Space and Tech, archived from the original on July 4, 2008 ; accessed on September 2, 2011 (English, data sheet).
  8. ↑ a b Gunter Krebs: Gonets. In: Gunter's Space Page. June 8, 2014, accessed September 12, 2014 .
  9. ↑ Izhevskij Radiozawod (IRZ): Home terminal "Gonez". Archived from the original on September 13, 2014 ; Retrieved September 12, 2014 .
  10. ↑ a b Gonets-D1 in the Encyclopedia Astronautica, accessed on September 2, 2011 (English).
  11. ^ Gunter Krebs: Gonets-M. In: Gunter's Space Page. April 16, 2011, accessed September 2, 2011 .
  12. ^ Rokot and the secret satellites. The Orion, July 7, 2009, accessed September 2, 2011 .
  13. ^ Gunter Krebs: Strela-3M (Rodnik-S, 14F132). In: Gunter's Space Page. November 30, 2018, accessed November 30, 2018 .