Graphic tactics
Graphotaktik (rarely Grafotaktik ) is a branch of Graphemik and the study of the regularities of a specific written language (for example, the Germans), with regard to their possible combinations of graphemes to write syllables, morphemes and words . The syntagmatic relations of the graphemes to one another are considered, i.e. H. the rules according to which the graphemes can be put together into possible words (or word components) of a certain language.
Word structure
Every word form has an internal structure:
- Word core
- Chain of core graphemes, e.g. B. ⟨Sch · ei · n⟩, au Sch · au | e · r⟩
- Word borders (word input and word output)
- Sequences of boundary graphs, e.g. B. ⟨ Sch · · aue r ⟩
- in German both optional, e.g. E.g .: ⟨∅ E h e ∅⟩, ⟨S ee ∅⟩, ⟨∅ i ch⟩
- Word bridge
- between two kernels, consisting of boundary graphemes, e.g. B. ⟨ Sch · a · lt · e · r ⟩
| Cores | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 5 | 6th |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| without entry and exit | ⟨ Ei ⟩ | ⟨Ei · n · e⟩ | ⟨A l i b i⟩ | ⟨A n e m o n e⟩ | ⟨A · lt · e · rn · a · t · i · v · e⟩ | ⟨E p i st e m o l o g ie⟩ |
| entrance only | ⟨ S · o ⟩ | ⟨S ä g e⟩ | ⟨K a j ü t e⟩ | ⟨K e m e n a t e⟩ | ⟨L o k o m o t i v e⟩ | ⟨Sp o nd y l o m a l a z ie⟩ |
| only exit | ⟨ I · n ⟩ | ⟨O · d · e · r⟩ | ⟨A lk o h o l⟩ | ⟨O p e r a t io n⟩ | ⟨A kz e l e r a t io n⟩ | ⟨E x i st e nt ia l i sm u s⟩ |
| with entrance and exit | ⟨B i n⟩ | ⟨S e g e l⟩ | ⟨K a p i t ä n⟩ | ⟨K o mp e t i t io n⟩ | ⟨K o mm u n i k a t io n⟩ | ⟨Pr o p a r o x y t o n o n⟩ |
Core graphemes (Ⓚ) correspond in German with vowels , edge graphemes (Ⓡ) with consonants . The German word ⟨ stocking ⟩ corresponding to a morpheme and a writing syllable at the same time, can therefore be described as: ⓇⓇⓇⓀⓇⓇⓇ or Γ 3R Γ K Γ 3R .
Distribution rules
On the basis of this, it can now be determined which representatives of their class can fill the placeholders Ⓡ and Ⓚ.
Competent readers will intuitively determine that a written word ⟨Skrulz follows the pattern formation and could therefore be a German word that is graphematically possible , while ⟨Mnlutppß⟩ would violate the distribution restrictions within the German graphical inventory . It is true for every language that certain graphemes or classes of graphemes cannot occur in certain positions and combinations. These rules are different in every language.
In contrast to phonotactics, there are no naturally well-founded distribution restrictions for graphotactic structures (as in phonotactics phonetic, e.g. due to the sonority hierarchy in a syllable ), since letters can basically be combined as desired. However, certain patterns improve recognition, so that a length hierarchy can also be determined, the restrictions being largely language-specific, e.g. Sometimes based on aesthetics or receptivity and grown historically or determined by reform.
| head | long | aslant | straight | bent | bent | straight | aslant | long | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Letters | qdgkbphj ß tf | xwvzs | mn | lr | i | u | aoe | aoe | u | i | lr | mn | xwvzs | qdgkbphj ß tf | ||||
| Syllable part | Initial margin | core | End edge | |||||||||||||||
| Graphemes | tpk | dbg | z ß sch f ch | sw | mn | lr | H | ui | ü ö oea | aeo ö ü | iu | H | rl | nm | ws | ch f sch ß z | gbd | kpt |
| Graphonemes | Plosive stl./sth. | Fricative stl./sth. | Nasals | Liquid | Vowel sequence | Half vowels | Full vowels | Full vowels | Half vowels | Vowel sequence | Liquid | Nasals | Fricative sth./stl. | Plosive sth./stl. | ||||
| Obstruents | Sonorants | Vowels | Sonorants | Obstruents | ||||||||||||||
. Thus, for example, diphthongs ⟨could ii ⟩ and ⟨ uu ⟩, in analogy to ⟨ aa ⟩, ⟨ ee ⟩, ⟨ oo ⟩, usually in German - unlike, say, the Finnish system of writing - not established. A traditional justification for this is that they v. a. handwritten are susceptible to confusion, but structural reasons can also be found, especially if a graphematic syllable is assumed. Thus ⟨increases e ⟩ in German in second core position, the tension (length ⟨ ie, ee ⟩ or affection ⟨ ae, oe, ue ⟩) while ⟨ u, i / (y) ⟩ combined there with the first position (diphthongs ⟨ ei, eu; ai, au / äu, (oi, ou) ⟩) and ⟨a , o⟩ can only (exceptionally) follow themselves (each in around a dozen word stems).
If one finally relates graphotactic knowledge to phonotactic one, u. a. Describe orthographically relevant phonographic regularities, e.g. B. Rules for graphic word separation or orthographic distribution restrictions such as:
- no ⟨ he ⟩ on letters instead ⟨ i ⟩ or ⟨ ih ⟩ - corresponds to / i: /
- no ⟨ sch ⟩ in word input before ⟨ t ⟩ and ⟨ p ⟩ instead ⟨ s ⟩ - corresponds to / ʃ / in Silbenonset before plosives (native only / t / or / p / possible)
- no strain ⟨ h ⟩ between vowel and ⟨ l, m, n, r ⟩ after receipt ⟨ t ⟩
literature
- Peter Eisenberg : The writing syllable in German . In: Peter Eisenberg, Hartmut Günther, (eds.): Writing system and orthography . Tübingen 1989, p. 57-84 .
- Peter Eisenberg: Linguistic foundation of orthographic rules. Outlines of a word graphic of German . In: Jürgen Baurmann et al. (Ed.): Homo scribens . Tübingen 1993, p. 67-91 .
- Nanna Fuhrhop , Franziska Buchmann : The length hierarchy. For the construction of the graphematic syllable . In: Linguistic Reports . No. 218 , May 2009, p. 127-156 .
- Hartmut Günther , Otto Ludwig (Ed.): Writing and writing . Berlin / New York 1994, ISBN 3-11-011129-2 .
- Manfred Kohrt : phonotactics, graphhotactics and graphic word separation . In: Dieter Nerius , Gerhard Augst (ed.): Problems of the written language . Contributions to written linguistics at the XIV. International Congress of Linguists 1987 in Berlin (= linguistic studies ). Series A. Work reports, No. 173 . Academy of Sciences of the GDR. Central Institute for Linguistics, Berlin 1988, p. 125-165 .
- Utz Maas : spelling and spelling reform . Linguistic and didactic perspectives. In: Journal for German Linguistics . No. 22.2 , 1994, p. 152-189 .
- Ludger Hoffmann : Text and writing . In: Gisela Zifonun , Ludger Hoffmann, Bruno Strecker et al. (Ed.): Grammar of the German language . tape 1 . Berlin / New York 1997, ISBN 3-11-014752-1 , C3, pp. 246-308 .