Graphemics
Under Graphemik (also: graphematics , other spellings: Grafemik, Grafematik ) refers to Hadumod Bußmann the study of writing systems of natural and constructed languages .
object
The linguistic sub-discipline examines the regularities that are inherent in the written utterances of a language (texts) and how these regularities relate to the development and fixation of a written standard ( orthography ).
The units of a certain writing system are examined, on the one hand, with regard to their meaning-distinguishing function (determination of the grapheme inventory and the morphological and syntactic function of the graphemes , see below) and, on the other hand, with regard to their relationship to the phonetic structure of language (e.g. phoneme- graph Correspondence).
In practice, graphemic (e.g. graphical ) examinations serve primarily to establish applicable orthographic standards (for example, with regard to the pedagogical communication of written language), the decoding of historical texts and the implementation of writing systems in processing-friendly systems within computational linguistics .
The individual elements in the written implementation of language are called grapheme (in analogy to phoneme and phon in phonology). The term grapheme in German includes the 30 letters including the German special characters ( umlaut letters and " ß ": a – zäöüß, possibly also é; the capital letters, on the other hand, can be used as allographs of these graphemes, see below) as well as the numbers and according to some approaches also the punctuation marks .
A graph is the smallest writing realized (material) unit, a grapheme, however, the smallest functional or distinctive unit (see also the designations. Sign Engl. Character, versus glyph - these terms are but unlike grapheme and graph rather across languages and - used independently).
In analogy to the terms phonology / phonem (at) ics and phonetics , the area of investigation of the purely material side of written language is also referred to as graphetics ( palaeography , typography , graphology ).
The grapheme as a functional unit of a written language is independent of its actually implemented (handwritten or typographical) form, i.e. the graph (the different graphs ɑ, a, A are e.g. allographic variants of the grapheme <a>). The extent to which a grapheme can also consist of several graphs ( di- and trigraphs , e.g. sch, ch or ie in German) is controversial within graphemics.
According to some theoretical approaches, a grapheme can also consist of several graphs, either because, according to some older approaches, a grapheme is defined directly as a representation of a phoneme (“sch” for the phoneme / ʃ /), or because it consists of distributional or graphical ones Reasons a graph sequence is classified as a unit ("sch" occurs in positions in the word where otherwise only individual graphs can occur, see "sch" nallen and "k" nallen). However, it is also widespread that such letter combinations are usually (viewed independently of the phoneme and can also be justified in terms of distribution) as combinations of several graphemes (cf. e.g. the minimal pair sees - view ).
literature
- Julie D. Allen: The Unicode Standard, version 6.0 . The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Consortium, Mountain View 2011, ISBN 978-1-936213-01-6 ( online version ).
- Johannes Bergerhausen, Siri Poarangan: decodeunicode: The characters of the world. Hermann Schmidt, Mainz 2011, ISBN 978-3-87439-813-8 (all 109,242 graphemes of the Unicode standard).
- Hans Peter Althaus : Graphemics. In: Lexicon of German Linguistics. 2nd, completely revised and enlarged edition. Edited by Hans Peter Althaus, Helmut Henne, Herbert Ernst Wiegand. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1980, ISBN 3-484-10389-2 , pp. 142-151.
- Peter Eisenberg : The writing syllable in German. In: Writing system and orthography. Edited by Peter Eisenberg and Hartmut Günther. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1989, pp. 57-84.
- Peter Eisenberg: Linguistic foundation of orthographic rules. Outlines of a word graphic of German. In: Homo scribens. Perspectives on literacy research. Edited by Jürgen Baurmann u. a. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1993, pp. 67-91.
- Burckhard Garbe : Phonetics and Phonology, Graphetics and Graphemics of New High German since the 17th century. In: History of Language. A handbook on the history of the German language and its research. 2nd subband. 2nd, completely revised and enlarged edition. Edited by Werner Besch , Anne Betten, Oskar Reichmann, Stefan Sonderegger . De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2000, ISBN 3-11-015882-5 , pp. 1766–1782.
- Hartmut Günther, Otto Ludwig (Ed.): Writing and writing. An interdisciplinary handbook of international research. 2 half volumes. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1994/96, ISBN 3-11-011129-2 .
- Manfred Kohrt: phonotactics, graphhotactics and the graphic word separation. In: Problems of the written language. Contributions to written linguistics at the XIV. International Congress of Linguists 1987 in Berlin. Edited by Dieter Nerius and Gerhard Augst. Central Institute for Linguistics, Berlin 1988, pp. 125–165.
- Utz Maas : spelling and spelling reform. Linguistic and didactic perspectives. In: Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik 22 (1994), pp. 152-189.
- Gisela Zifonun, Ludger Hoffmann, Bruno Strecker u. a .: grammar of the German language. Volume 1. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1997, ISBN 3-11-014752-1 , pp. 246-308.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Hadumod Bußmann: Lexicon of Linguistics . 4th edition. Kröner , Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 3-520-45204-9 .