graphology

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Graphology (according to the new spelling and graphology ) is the science of handwriting as an expression of character . In its literal translation, graphology means the teaching of writing as well as the teaching of how one can infer certain areas of his personality from a person's handwriting. Graphology is therefore a method of psychodiagnostics. For this purpose, handwriting samples are used that reproduce the usual handwriting of the test person (e.g. letters, notes, notes, transcripts). Texts in calligraphy or disfigured fonts are unsuitable.

In the course of the 20th century, graphology developed further in different directions: French graphology continued to investigate cause and effect in handwriting, thus moving a more humanistic and philosophical aspect to the fore. The German-language graphology found resonance with many scientists and doctors, which is why a focus on the causality of the natural sciences can be observed. Anglo-Saxon, especially US- American graphology, on the other hand, focused on the observation and interpretation of individual features. Investigations and criticism of graphological statements must therefore always be seen against the background of the different approaches and method priorities.

The informative value of graphology is controversial. Both opponents and supporters rely on scientific studies. The majority of the authors come to the conclusion that the connection between characteristics of handwriting and personality characteristics cannot be scientifically proven. Other authors criticize the studies mentioned with regard to the examination systems, which are not suitable for the examination of interpretive psychodiagnostic methods, and refer to studies that give positive testimony to the quality of the graphology.

Jean-Hippolyte Michon's handwriting

methodology

Principles

Graphology assumes that a person's characteristic way of writing establishes the possibility of inferring a person's individual personality from their individual handwriting. Graphology is concerned with tracking down a person's essential or dominant features from a person's handwriting, determining their overall impression in order to be able to interpret them characterologically. It is about the observation and description of what is now commonly referred to as the image of movement, form and space. In a second step, a picture of the behavior, the state of mind, the potential drives and systems, ie. H. a well-rounded personality of the author created.

Graphology is not a psychological test in the narrower, test psychological sense. Certain features can be measured exactly (e.g. size, font inclination), while others cannot be measured, but quantifiable : whether a certain feature (e.g. expansive or controlled, original or based on the norm) occurs in a handwriting, can be recorded with yes or no, or on a multi-level scale. If fonts are compared with one another, it can always be said in which font the characteristic is more pronounced. The validity can only be checked to a limited extent with the usual statistical methods.

Approaches and models

The graphological work begins with the identification of features. It is partly about the recording of measurable individual parts of the writing, partly about the identification of holistic motion sequences and shapes, which are qualitatively described. First, the various characteristics of the writing are collected and analyzed . Created from the holistic features (e.g. rhythm, uniformity, degree of stiffening), the individual features (e.g. font width, proportions, pressure) and the special features (e.g. special design of the signature, redesign of letters, decorations) of the handwriting the graphologist a character image. When the characteristics are determined, there is no interpretation yet. The interpretation forms the core of the graphological work. It can be seen as the reverse of the origin of writing. While characteristic traits of the writer flow into the writing movement during the creation of the writing, in the evaluation of characteristics from the finished writing inferences are made about the writing movement and from this on the characteristics of the writer that have gone into it. The script is not interpreted intuitively, but is worked out methodically.

In the German-speaking area there are the four basic schools Ludwig Klages, Rudolf Pophals, Robert Heiss and Max Pulvers. The application of scientific knowledge in practice always requires a synthesis of different directions. This is especially true in psychology and especially in graphology .

The modern computer-based tools to support graphological work are designed in such a way that they combine the entire range of graphological empirical knowledge in the form of expert systems. Examples of this are the programs HSDetect and GraphoPro.

  • (see also modern graphology)

story

development

The idea seems to have arisen early on that the handwriting could be used to infer the peculiarities of the person who wrote it. Suetons related to this have been handed down from antiquity .

In connection with the more modern graphology, a work by Camillo Baldi is mentioned: In 1622 the Italian philosopher and doctor wrote his treatise on a method of recognizing the nature and quality of a scribe from his writing .

It is known, among other things, that Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was interested in manuscripts and created a collection of them. He also corresponded with the pastor and scholar Johann Caspar Lavater from Zurich, among others .

Jean Hippolyte Michon (1806–1881) is considered to be the actual founder of modern graphology . The French clergyman created the term "graphology". He collected, arranged and systematized manuscripts according to the characteristics he observed. He leaned on the systematics of the natural sciences: He differentiated between classes (classes), families (familles), groups (groupes) and nuances. He called his main work, published in 1875, the systematics of graphology: the art of knowing people based on their handwriting .

Jules Crépieux-Jamin took up this framework; he also collected, compared, grouped and classified writings. However, he developed his own system. In his main work L'ABC de la graphologie , published in 1889, he divides the font characteristics into genres and types (espèces).

There was also interest elsewhere in the expression of personality in handwriting, including in Germany. The development of research in France and Germany was largely separate; In principle, little has changed in this situation, despite occasional approximations. Against the background of tense Franco-German relations at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and in the first half of the 20th century, an exchange between scientists from the two countries was not very opportune. Various concepts for analyzing and interpreting the handwriting were also developed in the German-speaking countries. One speaks of "four German schools of graphology". The following authors have presented essential research results here.

people

Ludwig Klages (1872–1956) studied chemistry and later psychology. His book Handwriting and Character was first published in 1917 and has been reprinted many times. With the help of the "principle of expression" and the "principle of representation" he tried to explain why a person's handwriting should allow statements about the character of the writer. He laid down extensive definitions of characteristics of the handwriting and created tables of interpretation. According to Klages, a writing feature can be explained from the existence of a force or from the absence of an opposing force.

Rudolf Pophal (1893–1966) was a doctor specializing in neurology and psychiatry. Originally a pupil of Klages, he later developed his own approach and understood handwriting as brain writing. Pophal examined the physiological and neurological conditions of writing and derived statements about a person's personality from the dominance of brain centers.

For the Swiss Max Pulver (1889–1952) depth psychological aspects played an important role. He developed a spatial symbolism for handwriting. It assumes that the directions right and left as well as up and down serve as projection surfaces. The direction to the right symbolizes the future and the you, the direction to the left symbolizes the past and the self. The upper zone of a manuscript is a projection surface for the intellectual and spiritual realm, the lower zone is a projection surface for the vital and material realm.

Robert Heiß (1903–1974) examined the development of writing skills in children and distinguished three components that determine the writing process: movement, shaping and orientation on the available writing surface. Handwriting is created by moving and shaping a piece of paper. On the one hand, these components have a psychological meaning, on the other hand, he has assigned a whole range of script characteristics to these components. In this way he came up with a movement image, form image and spatial image of handwriting. These terms are the basics of writing and interpreting the handwriting in the case of Heiss.

Robert Heiss had numerous students, some of whom became professors themselves, e. B. Jochen Fahrenberg , Petra Halder-Sinn, Oskar Lockowandt , Arno Müller, Wolfgang Sehringer and Lothar Michel . On his 100th birthday, Jochen Fahrenberg (2003) remembered him: “Robert Heiss belonged to the generation of institute founders who shaped the profile of an entire institute for decades in a way that is hard to imagine today [...]. In Freiburg, he introduced graphology, expression studies, and projective test procedures, and together with his staff, over the years - with the high points between 1950 and 1970 - he created a training focus like no other institute.

Jochen Fahrenberg received his doctorate in 1961 with the dissertation "Graphometry". Graphometry wanted to explore the validity of graphology without any preconditions. In the area of ​​graphometry, numerous researches using different empirical methods have been carried out. Jochen Fahrenberg sees a possibility in the handwriting that - along with other methods - can be used in psychological interpretations or in the context of a biographical analysis.

The textbook “Graphological Diagnostics” was written by Wilhelm Helmut Müller (1899–1966), professor at the Technical University of Berlin, and his colleague Alice Enskat (1897–1978). The authors provide definitions of basic properties according to their recording mode and differentiate e.g. B. between measurable, countable and estimable features. They provide an overview of the conditions under which the manuscript was created and the empirical and experimental foundations as presented in the first edition of the book in 1961.

Heinrich Pfanne (1923–1990) was a graphologist and script expert at the Hessian State Criminal Police Office in Wiesbaden. His “Textbook of Graphology” presents psychodiagnostics based on graphic complexes. Here, Pfanne developed graphical complexes and psychological types in a differentiated way. B. "Introversion" versus "Extraversion". At the same time, Pfanne gives a comprehensive overview of the scientific foundations of graphology and presents numerous works from expression studies, movement and brain physiology, symbolism as well as empiricism and experiment.

Oskar Lockowandt (1935–2000) received his doctorate in 1966 under Robert Heiss with a dissertation on the factor-analytical validation of handwriting with special consideration of projective methods. In numerous publications in the “Zeitschrift für Menschenkunde”, which later became the “Zeitschrift für Schriftpsychologie und Schriftvergleichung”, Lockowandt dealt with a variety of topics in the psychology of writing such as: B. the process of judgment formation or student writings.

In the follow-up to Klages, Hans Knobloch concentrated on the description of mimic-like figures in handwriting. His list includes around 14 different expressions in manuscripts, but it should not be regarded as complete. It is important that the manuscripts that are assigned to one (or more) of the 14 expressive forms (e.g. urgency, functional desire and curiosity, depression, euphoria, etc.) are not related to one another thanks to so-called individual graphic features, but to theirs blatant graphical differences due to form-based expressive identity. In contrast to empirical research, Hans Knobloch (1910–2004) always advocated a hermeneutical approach in graphology. The immediate perception of what is psychologically relevant from the handwriting - the graphological view - is the essential method. In his workshop discussions, questions are asked and answered from a holistic perspective.

The psychodiagnostic Arno Müller (1930–2005) advocates an analysis based on the interpretation principles of analogy and generalization and on the personal model. He shows this in his historical studies.

Ursula Avé-Lallemant (1913–2004) dealt intensively with the handwriting of children and young people. She published her long-term studies in a longitudinal analysis. She developed what she called dynamic graphology and shed light on the backgrounds of criminal offenses committed by young people in her work Criminal offenders in self-expression . It was important to her not to read any negative character traits from children's manuscripts, but to understand difficulties as "emergency signals". During her many years of work, she has developed a small battery of graphical tests which, in addition to handwriting, also includes the star-wave test, tree test and Wartegg drawing test .

Modern graphology

status

With the increasing spread of personal computers , new possibilities also opened up for graphology. Various systems have been developed and published since 1990.

The graphology of the 21st century is developing in the following main directions:

1. Computational graphology
2. Fully computerized handwriting analysis
3. The research with a graphic writing board

Computer-aided graphology practically means the computerization of classical graphology. The handwriting features are evaluated by a graphologist and entered into a computer program. The program often rates the personality traits with their degree of expression. The further procedure for a classic graphological report remains unchanged. Computer-aided graphology is an auxiliary tool for graphologists and also useful in research.

Examples of graphological software:

  • Graphonomizer
  • Handwriting Analyzer
  • GraphoPro
  • HSDetect

Fully computerized handwriting analysis means that the entire process is computerized: a computer program automatically evaluates the handwriting features . This happens on the basis of the scanned writing sample or directly from a tablet computer when the text is written there. These programs are based on image analysis and belong to computer science rather than psychology. At the moment they have hardly any practical significance: the number of handwriting features that can be evaluated by image analysis is limited and the graphological part is still rather modest.

Graphic writing board. The electronic writing tablet, which is connected to a computer, allows the movements of the writer to be recorded on paper and in the air. This information is evaluated by special software. This measures some important characteristics of writing: the speed, the path, the writing pressure, the number of strokes and strokes, etc. It is particularly interesting to explore the movements in the air that are invisible on paper. The graphic writing board is primarily used in research, mostly in medicine. The results are also very useful for graphology in order to better understand the process of writing and the influence on the characteristics of the font.

In addition, classical graphology will be further cultivated and researched. In German-speaking countries, it is primarily based on the graphological classics Klages, Pophal, Pulver and Heiß, the differentiated textbooks Pfannes as well as Müller and Enskats. This graphology no longer refers to the so-called “signes fixes” or the symbolic signs in writing, but to the shape theory and the recognition of so-called “drive and form shapes”. In addition, the psychological approaches of Sigmund Freud , Alfred Adlers , Carl Gustav Jungs , Eduard Sprangers , Abraham Maslows and many others up to Daniel Goleman , Stavros Mentzos and other contemporaries are used.

Applications

Graphologists can be commissioned to analyze personality development, for partnership advice, educational advice, career advice or personnel advice. The context for the consultation should be known and, if possible, an oral consultation should also take place. Professional graphologists are psychologists with additional studies and a recognized examination in graphology. Graphological analyzes also want to contribute to the understanding of historical personalities. Many people in charge use graphology as a supplementary diagnostic option or as part of an assessment.

In France and Switzerland in particular, HR managers relatively often see this as a decision-making aid in order to be able to make statements about the personality of an applicant. In Germany, only 2.4 percent of the companies surveyed stated that they use graphology. Graphology in the world of work also touches on questions of personal rights. One of the therefore developed legal principles is that no (more or less comprehensive) personality profiles may be created. Regardless of this, a pragmatic goal setting that focuses on the potential for “critical behavior” (of an applicant) appears to be debatable.

training

Graphology is currently supported by a number of associations in German-speaking countries. They offer training, conduct advanced training courses and conferences, and are committed to scientific and ethical issues. In certain cases, there is also cooperation with universities of applied sciences in Switzerland.

Magazines

The Zeitschrift für Menschenkunde (ZfM), Central Journal for Graphology, Expression Science and Character Studies, was reissued in 1953 in its 17th year, following on from a magazine published from 1925 to 1942. The reason was, as the editors wrote, "the noticeable lack of a specialist journal that aims to promote expressive human knowledge and, in particular, to maintain the analysis of manuscripts."

Professors Johannes Heinrich Schultz and August Vetter acted as editors . From 1965 associations took over the publication: the writing psychology section in the professional association of German psychologists , the Swiss Graphological Society, the Austrian Society for Psychology and the Klages Society. In 2000, the ZfM was renamed the Zeitschrift für Schriftpsychologie und Schriftvergleichung (ZfS). By the time it was discontinued at the end of 2005, articles on methodological issues, individual case studies and more extensive statistical studies had been published in a total of 69 years. The Graphologie-News continues the tradition of the journal for writing psychology and writing comparison.

The journal "Applied Graphology and Personality Diagnostics" is published by the professional association of certified graphologists / psychologists e. V. in Munich and has been published continuously since 1953 in three editions a year with 56 pages each. As the only German-language specialist journal in printed form, it is now also the specialist body of six associations in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. It regularly contains translations from foreign journals, congress reports and book reviews.

Interfaces to other disciplines

Scripture comparison

Font comparison is used when it is to be clarified whether a document was actually written by the given person. The term comparative text emphasizes that the essence of the investigation lies in a comparison of the observable facts .

Mostly it is about signatures or wills, the authenticity of which has to be checked. Even in cases of anonymous letters, the comparison of scripts can be used to clarify whether a suspected person actually wrote the text.

To a certain extent, well-trained and appropriately trained graphologists are able to make comparisons of fonts. In legal proceedings in Germany, a person is called in in any case who is allowed to bear the title “Publicly appointed and sworn expert for handwriting comparison”. In Switzerland, handling is regulated by the cantons and is therefore inconsistent.

In principle, however, the following applies: a clear distinction must be made between graphology and comparison of scripts. The first author who made this demand was Heinrich Pfanne:

“Graphology is based on the fact of experience that every person has their own unique handwriting (...). Based on this, two disciplines (...) have developed, characterological graphology and handwriting identification. Characterological graphology comes to its results only on the basis of a further premise, namely that the individuality of the person expressed in the handwriting stands in certain relationships to his character, which cannot be discussed here (...). It is therefore necessary to clearly distinguish the writing expertise from the characterological graphology (...) (...). The characterological graphology indicates that the writing expertise compares. "

forensic science

In forensic forensic science, handwriting is also examined. The writing as a forensic trace is one of the few factual evidence that directly identifies people; Thus, a relevant approach is given in order to be able to clarify the question of the author of the manuscript or the question of its authenticity in a binding manner in connection with forgery of documents. Physical-technical methods are also used. Among other things, ultraviolet light, a scanning electron microscope and other examination methods are used. These scientifically sound procedures form the basis. However, they are not sufficient for examining manuscripts. For this purpose, knowledge and methods are required that are described in the graphological, graphometric and writing psychological specialist literature.

The methods and work areas of comparative writing and forensics complement each other and partially overlap. Forensic handwriting comparison is evidence in court proceedings.

In Germany and Austria, experts for comparing manuscripts are publicly appointed and sworn. You work closely with the courts. In Switzerland, the 26 cantons are responsible, the regulations are accordingly inconsistent. The term "written experts" is not synonymous with "experts for document checking". The latter carry out chemical examinations, tests of typescripts, ID cards or stamps.

Graphotherapy

Graphotherapy - in German-speaking countries, the term writing movement therapy is more common - is used to treat weaknesses in writing. In the general sense, it is a therapy supported by graphic expression or graphic actuation. In a special sense, the influencing of movement sequences through targeted movement exercises, in particular allowing certain lettering to follow suit.

Writing psychology

In practice, the term psychology of writing is often equated with the term graphology . On the website of the Swiss Graphological Society you can read: "Modern graphology sees itself as writing psychology." Some authors disagree with this equation. Teut Wallner, among others, criticized this in 1998: “Today, writing psychology and graphology are often used as synonyms, although they differ significantly in terms of scientific requirements: Since the 1960s, writing psychology has been differentiated from graphology as empirically founded and controlled Method of handwriting diagnostics developed. "

In 1984 Lothar Michel advocated writing psychology as a basic discipline. Michel also intended writing psychology as an empirical science. In contrast to Wallner, Michel was not concerned with handwriting diagnostics or personality psychological diagnostics, but rather with researching the conditions in which handwriting was created. Another aspect of the distinction between graphology and writing psychology becomes clear here:

Graphological or psychological interpretations aim to capture aspects of the writer's personality from the expression of the handwriting.
In contrast, writing psychology as a fundamental discipline is more comprehensive and also aims to research those conditions in which handwriting originated that do not have anything to do with the personality of the writer, e.g. B. School templates, illnesses, technical writing aspects.

Writing psychology as a basic discipline explores the psychological, physiological , technical writing and social conditions of handwritten writing using empirical methods. “Handwriting psychology” is to be understood as an empirical method of examining handwriting. The results of research on writing psychology can be used in practice in a wide variety of areas. This includes general psychological counseling, counseling on personal development, partnership counseling, educational counseling and personnel counseling. Writing movement therapy and drawing tests for diagnosing z. B. the school leaving certificate or psychological difficulties should not go unmentioned. Likewise, the traditional graphological personality images and script psychological analyzes for a better understanding of historical personalities and historical processes should be considered. And finally, research on the psychology of writing can also be used in forensic handwriting comparison.

criticism

Graphology has been rejected by critics as unscientific since the end of the last century. In particular, the meta-analysis presented by Dean in 1992 contributed to this, which - summarizing various studies - gives graphology a bad rating with regard to its validity.

Objectivity, reliability and validity, i.e. the usual requirements for a psychodiagnostic method, must always be proven empirically. However, this proof has not been successful for graphology.

The psychology professor Uwe Kanning appears in Germany as a critic of dubious procedures in aptitude diagnostics and criticizes graphology in addition to NLP and skull interpretation. As a diagnostics expert, he sums up the criticism as follows:

"If we summarize our analysis of the status quo of graphology, the result is a clear conclusion: Graphology is entertaining and may be justified as a parlor game, but it can in no way keep the full-bodied promises of its followers."

The ascribed benefit is based on wishful thinking, distortions of perception, ignorance and chance.

From the point of view of scientific psychology, graphology is a historically outdated technique that does not keep its promises.

The anecdotes from graphologists, some of which exist about satisfied customers, can be traced back to psychological effects such as the Barnum effect , similar to astrology or fortune telling . So far, graphologists have not been able to scientifically prove the benefits of graphology; there is a lack of plausible theory and empirical-statistical evidence to justify its use. In double-blind studies, for example, graphologists were unable to make significantly better predictions than the control group achieved by guessing at random.

The formation of judgments in this process is indirect and completely opaque. Psychologists consider graphology to be invalid in personnel consulting and unpopular with applicants in Germany. Numerous studies usually come to devastating validity results. Correlation coefficients of r = 0.20 were achieved in studies , but non-graphologists almost always came to more valid results. If neutral written samples (i.e. not the curriculum vitae) are submitted, the graphological reports fail completely (r = 0.02). The meta-analysis by Schmidt / Hunter (1998) does not give graphology any additional benefit if any one of the personnel selection instruments is combined with graphology and the additional validity is measured.

More recent studies such as those of Nauer or Peterka, as well as approaches in computer-aided graphology, which formalize the scientific foundation (HSDetect from Chernov or GraphoPro from Keel & Leisebach), promise new objective results from the point of view of their supporters. So far, however, there is still a lack of convincing evidence.

While proponents cite many examples of anecdotal evidence , most scientific studies fail to provide evidence of the alleged links between handwriting and personality traits. The study situation can currently be summarized in such a way that the interpretation of the handwriting does not allow any information on the personality and is also not able to forecast professional performance, for example.

The validity of a method is not to consider using only a few individual studies if possible, but the combination of a number of studies requires special consideration ( meta-analyzes ). In such cases, graphology is viewed critically as a method for interpreting personality traits or even professional success: as early as 1982, a meta-analysis, which included data from over 200 studies, showed that graphological methods could not be used to predict any personality traits. But later analyzes also showed that graphologists do not come to more valid statements than laypeople and that graphology is not suitable as a method in personnel selection.

literature

Basic works / methodology

  • Broder Christiansen and Elisabeth Carnap : Textbook of handwriting interpretation , Reclam-Verlag Stuttgart, 1947/1948
  • Robert Hot: The Interpretation of Handwriting. Hamburg 1966.
  • Ludwig Klages: handwriting and character. Common outline of graphological technology. 28th edition. Bonn 1982, ISBN 3-416-00312-8 .
  • Hans Knobloch: Graphology. Textbook of new models of handwriting analysis. Düsseldorf / Vienna 1971, ISBN 3-430-15500-2 .
  • Jean-Hippolyte Michon: System of Graphology. Edited by Rudolf Pophal. Munich / Basel 1971.
  • Wilhelm Helmut Müller, Alice Enskat: Graphological Diagnostics. Your basics, possibilities and limits. 3. Edition. Bern 1987, ISBN 3-456-81631-6 .
  • Heinrich pan: textbook of graphology. Psychodiagnostics based on graphic complexes . Berlin 1961.
  • Rudolf Pophal: The handwriting as brain writing . Rudolstadt 1949.
  • Rudolf Pophal: Graphology in Lectures. Volume I Scripture and Writing. The writer. Stuttgart 1965.
  • Rudolf Pophal: Graphology in Lectures. Volume II Eidetic Graphology. Stuttgart 1966.
  • Rudolf Pophal: Graphology in Lectures. Volume III Kinetic Graphology. Stuttgart 1968.
  • Anja Teillard: Handwriting interpretation based on depth psychology. Bern 1952.
  • Richard Pokorny: Psychology of handwriting: Systematic treatment of graphology under psychological and characterological aspects. Munich 1973, ISBN 3-463-18100-2 .
  • Max Pulver: the symbolism of handwriting. Orell Füssli, Zurich 1931; 5th edition, ibid. 1949.
  • Max Pulver: Drive and Crime in Handwriting. Orell Füssli, Zurich 1934.
  • Max Pulver: Intelligence in written expression. Zurich 1949.
  • Teut Wallner, Renate Joos, Rosemarie Gosemärker: Basics and methods of writing psychology . Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2006, ISBN 3-8334-5430-X .
  • Roda Wieser: Ground plan of the graphology. Munich / Basel 1973.
  • Bernhard Wittlich: Applied graphology. 2nd Edition. Berlin 1951.

Children's and youth publications

  • Ursula Avé-Lallemant: Graphology of the adolescent. Volume I: Longitudinal Analysis. Munich / Basel 1970, ISBN 3-497-00545-2 .
  • Ursula Avé-Lallemant: Graphology of the adolescent. Volume II: A Dynamic Graphology. Munich / Basel 1988, ISBN 3-497-01139-8 .
  • Ursula Avé-Lallemant: Graphology of the adolescent. Volume III: Criminal offenders in self-expression . Munich / Basel 1993, ISBN 3-497-01278-5 .
  • Minna Becker: Graphology of the children's font. Heidelberg 1926.

Further literature on graphology

  • Robert Bollschweiler: Music and Graphology. Musicians' manuscripts from the Romantic period. Leer 1994, ISBN 3-921229-56-1 .
  • Andreas Bürgi: Graphology Today. For users and skeptics. Bülach 1998, ISBN 3-905153-06-8 .
  • Gerhard Katz: The intuition in graphology. Reflections on an Irrational Phenomenon. Stäfa, nd, ISBN 3-907960-83-1 .
  • Arno Müller: Famous women from Maria Stuart to Mother Teresa. Personality, life path, handwriting analysis. 2nd Edition. Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-7003-1398-5 .
  • Helmut Ploog: Interpreting manuscripts. The personality in the mirror of the writing. With many examples of prominent personalities. 6th edition. Humboldt, Hannover 2008, ISBN 978-3-89994-184-5 .
  • Angelika Seibt : Writing Psychology - Theories, Research Results, Scientific Theory Basics. Profil, Munich 1994, ISBN 3-89019-354-4 .
  • Angelika Seibt: Methodically structured approach as a means of quality assurance. In: Journal for Writing Psychology and Comparative Writing. 69, 2005, ISSN  0379-4458 , pp. 130-178.
  • Ulrich Sonnemann: Graphology. Handwriting as a mirror. Irrationalism in conflict. Springe, 2005, ISBN 3-934920-61-6 .

Critical literature

  • B. Beyerstein, DF Beyerstein (Ed.): The Write Stuff. Evaluations of Graphology - The Study of Handwriting Analysis . Prometheus Books, Buffalo 1992.
  • Michael Cheap: Swan song for graphology. In: Psychology Today. 2/2012. psychologie-heute.de
  • P. Halder-Sinn: Graphology in Germany: A Renaissance? In: Skeptics. 3/1989, pp. 14-18.
  • P. Halder-Sinn: Graphology failed again . Comments on a current inventory: "The Write Stuff". In: Skeptics. 2/1993, p. 43.
  • B. Heinze: Graphology. In: W. Sarges (Ed.): Management Diagnostik. 3. Edition. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2000, pp. 470-474.
  • Uwe Peter Kanning: Of skull interpreters and other charlatans. Dubious methods of psychodiagnostics. Pabst et al., Lengerich et al. 2010, ISBN 978-3-89967-603-7 , pp. 83-115.
  • Uwe Kanning : Diagnosis between incompetence and charlatanism: phenomenon, causes, perspectives. In: Report Psychology. Vol. 37, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 110-113. report-psychologie.de
  • Uwe Kanning : Skull interpretation & Co. Absurd methods of psychodiagnostics. In: Skeptics. 3/2010, pp. 112-119.
  • E. Neter, G. Ben-Shakhar: The predictive validity of graphological influences: A meta-analtic approach. In: Personality and Individual Differences. (10), 1989, pp. 737-745.
  • Rouven Schaefer: Graphology in Personnel Selection. A critical analysis. In: Skeptiker - Journal of Science and Critical Thinking. Volume 22, 1, 2009, ISSN  0936-9244 , pp. 36-39.
  • FL Schmidt, JE Hunter: The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology. Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. In: Psychological Bulletin. 124, 2, 1998, ISSN  0033-2909 , pp. 262-274.
  • H. Schuler: Selection of personnel. In: E. Gaugler et al. (Hrsg.): Hand dictionary des Personalwesens. Schäffer-Poeschel Verlag, Stuttgart 2003, pp. 1366-1379.
  • Heinz Schuler , Bernd Marcus: Biography-oriented methods of personnel selection. In: Heinz Schuler (Ed.): Textbook of Personnel Psychology. Hogrefe, Göttingen et al. 2001, ISBN 3-8017-0944-2 , pp. 182-183.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Duden. Volume 1: Spelling.
  2. ^ Heinrich Pfanne: Textbook of Graphology. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1961, p. 1.
  3. ↑ Ludwig Wirz: Foundation of a causal graphology. Bouvier, Bonn 1985, p. 59.
  4. ^ Marie Bernard: Graphology. An introduction with 800 script examples. New York 1985 (English original edition). Basel 1990 (German translation).
  5. ↑ Angelika Seibt: Writing Psychology - Theories, Research Results, Scientific Theory Basics. ( Memento of the original from February 7th, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Profil, Munich 1994. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.schriftpsychologie.info
  6. ^ Teut Wallner : The handwriting diagnosis in the meta-analysis. ( Memento of the original from October 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 192 kB) Reprint from: Zeitschrift für Menschenkunde. Vol. 58, 1994, pp. 158-163. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sgg-graphologie.ch
  7. ↑ Petra Halder-Sinn: What does the handwriting reveal about us? In: Spektrum.de , April 5, 2021, accessed April 8, 2021
  8. ↑ Alfons Lüke: From graphology to writing psychology. In: Fifty Years for Writing Psychology: Festschrift for the 75th birthday of Prof. Dr. H.-W. Joke. Edition Scrittura, Zurich 1990, DNB 942099435 , p. 69.
  9. ↑ a b W. H. Müller, A. Enskat: Graphologische Diagnostik. Huber 1987, p. 13.
  10. ↑ Ursula Avé-Lallement: The four German schools of graphology. Verlag Ernst Reinhardt Munich 1989, p. 8.
  11. ^ Heinrich Pfanne: Textbook of Graphology. De Gruyter, 1961, p. 51.
  12. ↑ Yury Chernov: Computer systems for graphology , accessed on March 30, 2014.
  13. ↑ Bruno Keel, Martin Leisebach: Software-supported graphology. ( Memento of the original from April 15, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. accessed on March 30, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / graphopro.ch
  14. ^ Camillo Baldi: Trattato Come Da Una Lettera Missiva Si Conoscano La Natura E Qualità Dello Scrittore. Giovanni Battista Bidelli, Milan 1625, OCLC 456853186 .
  15. ^ Heinrich Funk (ed.): Goethe and Lavater, letters and diaries . (= Writings of the Goethe Society. Volume 16). Weimar: Verlag der Goethe Gesellschaft 1901.
  16. ^ Système de graphologie: l'art de connaître les hommes d'après leur écriture. German: System der Graphologie. Reinhardt, Munich / Basel 1965.
  17. ^ Jules Crépieux-Jamin: L'ABC de la graphologie. 1929. (PUF, 1960)
  18. ↑ Ludwig Wirz: Foundation of a causal graphology . Bonn 1985, p. 283ff.
  19. ↑ Ursula Avé-Lallemant: The four German schools of graphology. Klages, Pophal, Hot, Powder. Munich 1989.
  20. ↑ Ludwig Klages: Handwriting and character. Common outline of graphological technology. Leipzig, 1917.
  21. ↑ Ludwig Klages: Handwriting and character. Bovier, Bonn 1956, chapter 2.
  22. ↑ Rudolf Pophal: The handwriting as brain writing . Greifenverlag, Rudolstadt 1949.
  23. ↑ Max Pulver: Symbolism of the handwriting. Orell Füssli, Zurich / Leipzig 1931.
  24. ^ Robert hot: The interpretation of the handwriting. Claassen, Hamburg 1966.
  25. ↑ Jochen Fahrenberg: In memory of Robert Heiss (1903–1973). In: Journal for Writing Psychology and Comparative Writing. 67, Braumüller, Vienna 2003, p. 153.
  26. ↑ Jochen Fahrenberg: Psychological interpretations - biographies, texts, tests . Hans Huber, Bern 2002.
  27. ^ Heinrich Pfanne: Textbook of Graphology . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1961.
  28. ↑ Oskar Lockowandt: Factor-analytical validation of handwriting with special consideration of projective methods. Dissertation. Freiburg 1966.
  29. ↑ Oskar Lockowandt: The process of judgment formation in writing psychology. In: Zeitschrift für Menschenkunde. Vol. 37, 1973, pp. 135-153.
  30. ^ Oskar Lockowandt: Writing and school success. In: Zeitschrift für Menschenkunde. Vol. 44, 1980, pp. 423-429.
  31. ↑ Hans Knobloch: The life shape of the manuscript . Saarbrücken 1950.
  32. ↑ Hans Knobloch: What does the handwriting tell us? Graphological workshop. Piper, Munich 1991.
  33. ^ Arno Müller: Famous women - from Maria Stuart to Mother Teresa - personality, life path, handwriting analysis. Braumüller, Vienna 2002.
  34. ↑ Ursula Avé-Lallemant: Graphology of the adolescent, I. Longitudinal analysis . Munich 1970, ISBN 3-497-00545-2 .
  35. ↑ Ursula Avé-Lallemant: Graphology of the youth, II. A dynamic graphology . Munich 1988, ISBN 3-497-01139-8 .
  36. ↑ Ursula Avé-Lallemant: Graphology of the Adolescent, III. Offender in self-expression . Munich 1993, ISBN 3-497-01278-5 .
  37. ↑ Ursula Avé-Lallemant: Emergency signals in student writings. Ernst Reinhardt, Munich 1982.
  38. ↑ Ursula Avé-Lallemant: The star-wave test. Reinhardt, Munich 1979.
  39. ↑ Ursula Avé-Lallemant: Tree Tests. Reinhardt, Munich 1980.
  40. ↑ Ursula Avé-Lallemant: The Wartegg character test in youth counseling. Reinhardt, Munich 1978.
  41. ↑ Dafna Yalon, Rudi Danor: Towards Scientific Graphology. The Qualitative and Quantitative Interpretation of Handwriging by the Wittlich Method. London 1992.
  42. ^ Siew Hock Ow, Kean Siang Teh, Li Yi Yee: An Overview on the Use of Graphology as a Tool for Career Guidance. In: CMU Journal. Vol. 4 (1), 2005, pp. 91-103.
  43. ↑ Graphonomizer.Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  44. ↑ Handwriting Analyzer.Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  45. ↑ GraphoPro. Accessed January 7, 2017.
  46. ↑ Yury Chernov: Computational Graphology: Approaches, Models, Possibilities and Limits. graphologie-news.net and grafologie.ch both accessed on January 7, 2017.
  47. ↑ Vikram Kamath, Nikhil Ramaswamy, P. Navin Karanth, Vijay Desai, SM Kulkuarni: Development of an automated Handwriting Analysis System. In: ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Vol. 6, No. 9, September 2011, pp. 135-140.
  48. ↑ G. Sheikholeslami, SN Srihari, V. Govindaraju: Computer aided graphology. In Progress in handwriting recognition. International Workshop, 5th, 1997, pp. 503-510.
  49. ↑ graphonomics.org ( Memento of the original from September 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.graphonomics.org
  50. ↑ Ursula Avé-Lallemant: The four German schools of graphology. Ernst Reinhardt, Munich 1989.
  51. ↑ Angelika Seibt: Writing Psychology - Theories, Research Results, Scientific Theory Basics. Profil, Munich 1994, chapters 2 and 4.
  52. ↑ Hans Knobloch: Graphology, Exemplary Introduction. Munich 1987.
  53. ^ Teut Wallner, Renate Joos, Rosemarie Gosemärker: Basics and methods of writing psychology . Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2006, Chapter 7.
  54. ↑ CAS Certificate of Advanced Studies ZFH in Writing Psychology ( Memento of the original from November 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 68 kB)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sbap.ch
  55. ↑ grafologie.ch
  56. ↑ grafologie.ch
  57. ↑ Urs Imoberdorf: Interviews with executives. In: Applied graphology and personality diagnostics. Munich, Issue 2/2009, ISSN  0942-5144 , pp. 39-50. and grafologie.ch
  58. ↑ H. Schuler, B. Hell, S. Trapmann, H. Schaar, I. Boramir: The use of psychological methods of external personnel selection in German companies. A comparison over 20 years. In: Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie. 6 (2), 2007, pp. 60-70.
  59. ^ M. Franz: Personnel selection and graphology. Schondorf, 2010, ISBN 978-3-942641-01-2 , p. 159 ff.
  60. ^ Franz: Personnel selection and graphology. 2010, p. 163.
  61. ↑ SGG and IAP Basel offer a basic course from 2014 and a specialist course in graphology from 2015
  62. ↑ Quoted from Urs Imoberdorf: 50 years ZfM / ZfS at Braumüller Vienna. In: Journal for Writing Psychology and Comparative Writing. 68, 1/2004, ISSN  0379-4458 , pp. 1-3.
  63. ↑ All articles in the ZfM / ZfS 1956–2005 ( Memento of the original dated November 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 263 kB)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sgg-graphologie.ch
  64. ↑ Graphology News
  65. ↑ Angelika Seibt: Signatures and Testaments. Practice of forensic writing examination. Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-58113-7 , p. 7.
  66. ↑ Heinrich Pfanne: The writing expertise and its meaning for the jurisprudence. Greifenverlag, Rudolstadt 1954, p. 12 f.
  67. ↑ Peter W. Pfefferli, Dr. pol.sci.crim in the preface to Angelika Seibt: Forensic written reports . Introduction to method and practice. Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-45341-4 .
  68. ↑ Angelika Seibt: Forensic written reports. Introduction to method and practice. Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-45341-4 .
  69. ↑ Angelika Seibt: Signatures and Testaments. Practice of forensic writing examination. Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-58113-7 , p. 7.
  70. ^ Friedrich Dorsch: Psychological dictionary. Bern 1976.
  71. ↑ sgg-graphologie.ch ( Memento of the original from November 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sgg-graphologie.ch
  72. ↑ Teut Wallner: Textbook of the psychology of writing - the foundation of a systematized handwriting diagnostics. Asanger, Heidelberg 1998, spine.
  73. ↑ Lothar Michel: For a writing psychology as a basic discipline. In: Zeitschrift für Menschenkunde. Volume 48, Braumüller, Vienna 1984, pp. 278-288.
  74. ↑ Angelika Seibt: Points of contact and differences between forensic handwriting comparison and writing psychology: In: Graphologie News, Oct. 2008.
  75. ↑ Angelika Seibt: Writing Psychology - Theories, Research Results, Scientific Theory Basics. Profil, Munich 1994, section 332.
  76. ↑ Magdalene Heermann: The writing movement therapy. Reinhardt, Munich 1977.
  77. ↑ Maria Hepner: Key to children's writing. Eugen Rentsch, Erlenbach / Zurich 1978.
  78. ↑ Ursula Avé-Lallemant: Emergency signals in student writings . Ernst Reinhard, Munich 1982.
  79. ↑ Jochen Meyer (Ed.): Poet's manuscripts - from Martin Luther to Sarah Kirsch. Reclam, Stuttgart 1999.
  80. ^ B. Beyerstein, DF Beyerstein: The Write Stuff. Evaluations of Graphology - The Study of Handwriting Analysis. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books 1992.
  81. ↑ Obscure personnel selection: Failed because of the skull interpreter. In: Spiegel online. May 4, 2010.
  82. ↑ M. Kersting: The business with gullibility. Book review. to: Uwe Kanning : Of skull interpreters and other charlatans. Pabst, 2010.
  83. ↑ blog.recrutainment.de
  84. ↑ Uwe Kanning: From skull interpreters and other charlatans - dubious methods of psychodiagnostics. Pope Science Publisher, 2010, S, 113:
  85. ↑ brandeins.de
  86. ↑ entry for graphology in the Skeptics Dictionary
  87. ^ The use of graphology as a tool for employee hiring and evaluation. ( Memento of April 20, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) Position paper of the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association, 1988.
  88. ^ FL Schmidt, JE Hunter: The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. In: Psychological Bulletin. 124, 1998, pp. 262-274. (pdf; 1.5 MB) ( Memento from June 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  89. ^ MA Nauer: Research. The better the input, the better the output . Point to SBAP, October 10, 2013, 2010.
  90. ↑ B. Peterka: Tempo and care in handwriting, a computer-aided study . Zurich University of Applied Psychology, 2009.
  91. ^ Y. Chernov: The use of the computer in graphology. In: Applied graphology and personality diagnostics. Issue 2, Munich, August 2014, pp. 18–37.
  92. ^ MA Nauer: Workshop with Bruno Keel and Martin Leisebach: GraphoPro - a software-supported graphological method. Bulletin SGG, 83, 3, 2011.
  93. ^ Roy N. King, Derek J. Koehler: Illusory Correlations in Graphological Inference. In: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied 6 (4), Dec 2000, pp. 336-348. doi: 10.1037 / 1076-898X.6.4.336
  94. ^ Informal covariation assessment: Data-based versus theory-based judgments. In: D. Kahneman, Paul Slovic , A. Tversky (Eds.): Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England 1982, pp. 211-238.
  95. ^ E. Neter, G. Ben-Shakhar: The predictive validity of graphological influences: A meta-analytic approach. In: Personality and Individual Differences. 10 (10), 1989, pp. 737-745, doi: 10.1016 / 0191-8869 (89) 90120-7
  96. ^ FL Schmidt, JE Hunter: The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. In: Psychological Bulletin. 124, 1998, pp. 262-274. (pdf; 1.5 MB) ( Memento from June 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive )

Handwriting