Solid rubber tires

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Solid rubber tires for trucks (1919)
Solid rubber tires on wheelbarrow

Solid rubber tires are a type of tire that has been used on various types of vehicles since 1871. In contrast to pneumatic tires, solid rubber tires are puncture-proof, have a high load capacity, but a poorer degree of damping and less traction . The solid rubber tire causes three times stronger vertical impacts when driving over a small obstacle with the same load. According to an estimate by the Michelin company, a solid rubber tire manufactured in the 19th century had four times higher rolling resistance than a modern pneumatic tire.

History and vehicles

Thomas Hancock discovered the 1,843 hard rubber - curing and took the fabrication of various articles on, for which he created forms. In 1845 he manufactured the first solid rubber tire for horse-drawn carriages. The product was initially unable to establish itself in the automotive sector. Furthermore, wooden wheels with a shrunk-on iron band were used as tires for carriages, as was previously the case with the draisine .

Bike and motorcycle

The first pedal crank bicycles, the Michaulinen (1863–69), were also made with wooden spoke wheels and shrunk-on iron band. The Hanlon Brothers received a patent on a solid rubber tire on February 9, 1869, and Eugène Meyer in Paris patented a Michauline with solid rubber tires (4 mm wire spokes and iron rim) on August 4, 1869. However, it was not until the Ariel high-bike of 1871 that solid rubber tires were produced in large numbers for high-bikes . Red or gray rubber tires, between 3 ⁄ 4 and 7 ⁄ 8 inches thick, were common. With the reinvention of the pneumatic tire by John Boyd Dunlop (1888), the solid rubber tire was replaced by the pneumatic tire for low tires by 1894. The first production motorcycle, the Hildebrand and Wolfmüller (1894), and all subsequent motorcycles have pneumatic tires.

Car

Solid rubber tires were used for a longer time in the passenger car sector. The first car models were always delivered with solid rubber tires. Michelin produced the first pneumatic tires for the L'Eclair car in 1895 and the first pneumatic tires for series automobiles appeared in 1898, although their durability was severely limited at 500 km. In 1902 the average life of pneumatic tires was 2200 miles. With the introduction of cord fabric (1920), the service life of the pneumatic tire increased to more than 20,000 km. With the balloon tire (1924) this led to the end of solid rubber tires for cars. Trojan Limited delivered the last car with solid rubber tires in 1929.

Truck and bus

For trucks, the problem of the durability of pneumatic tires was even more acute. In 1922, 80 percent of all trucks in Germany were still running on solid rubber tires. The regulation on motor vehicle traffic of December 5, 1925 restricted the use of solid rubber tires on trucks. Three-axle motor vehicles over 9 tons total weight now had to be fitted with pneumatic tires, and over 5.5 tons total weight motor vehicles with solid rubber tires had a maximum speed of 25 km / h within the city. At speeds of more than 25 km / h, solid rubber tires become very hot and self-destruct. The Road Traffic Licensing Regulations of November 13, 1937 banned solid rubber tires for all vehicles with a maximum speed of 25 km / h. This ban still applies today.

  • Solid rubber tires on the Adler bicycle (1886)

  • Daimler steel wheeled car with solid rubber tires (1889)

  • Solid rubber tires on the Benz bus (1895)

  • Solid rubber tires on subsidy trucks (1913)

  • Truck with solid rubber tires (1927)

  • Solid rubber tires at Trojan (1929)

Situation in the 21st century

Forklift

Almost all industrial trucks , forklifts and pallet trucks are currently equipped with solid rubber tires, which can have a service life three times longer than pneumatic tires. Solid rubber tires like pneumatic tires consist almost half of natural rubber and synthetic rubber , a quarter of carbon black , a fifth of steel , as well as fabric , zinc oxide , sulfur and other substances.

According to the Road Traffic Licensing Regulations, [full] rubber tires are permitted for vehicles with speeds of no more than 25 km / h (for vehicles without a sprung drive axle, however, only at maximum speeds of no more than 16 km / h). This regulation is intended to protect the roads.

In 2017, the Asian bicycle manufacturer Obike established several rental bikes without fixed stations in the center of Berlin. These bikes are fitted with solid rubber tires and have an easily adjustable saddle. A Finnish rental system is also using solid rubber tires again due to the puncture safety.

Web links

Commons : Solid tires  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Solid rubber tires  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Olaf von Fersen : A century of automobile technology - commercial vehicles. VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1987, ISBN 3-18-400656-6 , p. 226.
  2. ↑ Burkhard Baumgärtner: Rolling resistance of tires in the economic and environmental-political field of tension. (No longer available online.) Michelin, May 18, 2010, archived from the original on October 4, 2017 ; accessed on November 23, 2017 .
  3. ↑ Fritz Röthemeyer, Franz Sommer: Rubber technology. Carl Hanser Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-446-43776-0 , p. 6.
  4. ^ Nick Clayton: Early Bicycles . Shire Publications, 1994, ISBN 0-85263-803-5 , p. 11.
  5. ^ Wiebe E. Bijker: Of Bicycles, Bakelites, and Bulbs. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 1995, ISBN 0-262-02376-8 , p. 28.
  6. ^ Victor Silberer , George Ernst: Handbuch des Bicycle-Sport. Vienna, Leipzig 1885, (reprint: Maxime Verlag Leipzig, 2004), ISBN 3-931965-21-X , p. 20.
  7. ↑ Klaus P. Backfisch, Dieter S. Heinz: The tire book. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-613-01433-5 , p. 26.
  8. ^ LJK Setright: The Guinness Book of Motorcycling . Facts and Feats, 1982, ISBN 0-85112-255-8 , pp. 38, 257.
  9. ^ Olaf von Fersen: A century of automobile technology . Passenger cars. VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1986, ISBN 3-18-400620-4 , p. 436.
  10. ^ LJK Setright: The Guinness Book of Motorcycling . Facts and Feats, 1982, ISBN 0-85112-255-8 , pp. 38, 257.
  11. ^ Olaf von Fersen: A century of automobile technology - commercial vehicles. VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1987, ISBN 3-18-400656-6 , p. 224.
  12. ↑ See § 3 (2) and 18 (3) of the Ordinance on Motor Vehicle Traffic. December 5, 1925. RGBl. P. 439.
  13. ↑ Stefan Zima: The rolling wheel (accessed October 27, 207)
  14. ↑ See § 36 (3) StVZO (1937) and § 36 (8) StVZO (2012) .
  15. ↑ Maglift Solid Tires (accessed October 3, 2017)
  16. ↑ steine-und-erden.net forklift tires (accessed October 27, 2017)
  17. ↑ dgengineering.de scrap tires (accessed October 27, 2017)
  18. ↑ See § 36 (8) StVZO
  19. ^ Peter Hentschel : Road traffic law. 38th edition. CH Beck Verlag Munich, 2005, ISBN 3-406-52996-8 , p. 1123.
  20. ↑ Sabine Hildebrandt: Rental bike provider Obike wants to conquer Berlin. in Berliner Zeitung , November 17, 2017.