Gurgum

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Gurgum (Assyrian Bit Pa'alla) was a neo-Hittite city-state in the Maraş plain . The capital was Maqasi (now Maraş).

Location of Gurgum within the Late Hittite world of the 1st millennium BC Chr.

history

In the first year of the reign of Shalmaneser III. (858 BC) Gurgum was part of an anti- Assyrian coalition that included Sangara from Karkemiš , Haianu from Sam'al , Sapalulme from Unqi and Ahuni , son of Adni. Ahuni was defeated at Til Barsip , and the Assyrian army bypassed Karkemiš and crossed the Euphrates at Burmar'ana. Thereupon Gurgum and Kummuh surrendered . Salmanasser took the tribute of Sangara, Karkemiš, Melid , Unqi and Gurgum in Ina-Aššur-uttir-ebat , silver, gold, lead, copper and copper vessels.

Tukulti-apil-Ešarra III. defeated 743 BC An alliance of states, to which Gurgum belonged. The king of Gurgum was Tarḫulara .

In 711 BC The Assyrians conquered Gurgum and incorporated it as a province into their empire.

Ruler

A gate lion (Maraş 1) in the late Hittite-Assyrian style (Late Hittite III after Orthmann , Late Hittite IIIa after Hawkins or Young Late Hittite after Akurgal ) bears a hieroglyphic inscription with the genealogy of King Halparuntiya III. A stele (Maraş 8) gives further genealogical information. In addition, some rulers of Gurgum are mentioned in Assyrian texts, but the equation in the case of Larama / Palalam is not entirely certain. However, Porter doubts whether it is a father-son relationship in any case and also believes that brothers may succeed to the throne.

Surname Synchronism with Assyria Dating Remarks
Astuwaramanza - late 11th century BC Chr. Maraş 8, unsure if king
Muwatalli I. - early 10th century BC Chr. Son of Astuwaramanza, Maraş 8, unsure whether to be king
Larama I. - approx. 950 BC Chr. Son of Muwatalli I.
Muwizi - later 10th century BC Chr. Son of Larama I.
Halparuntiya I. - earlier 9th century BC Chr. Son of Muwizi
Muwatalli II. Mutallu, Shalmaneser III. 858 BC Chr. Son of Halparuntiya I.
Halparuntiya II Qalparunda, Shalmaneser III. 853 BC Chr. Son of Muwatalli II.
Larama II. Palalam later 9th century BC Chr. Son of Halparuntiya II, under Adad-Nirari III. mentioned as the father of Qalparunda
Halparuntiya III. Qalparunda, Adad-nīrārī III. 803/805 to approx. 800 BC Chr. Son of Larama II.
Tarḫulara Tukulti-apil-Ešarra III. , Sargon II. 743 BC BC, approx. 711 BC BC / 11th palu Relationship to Halparuntiya unclear, Assyrian sources
Muwatalli III. Mutallu, Sargon II. approx. 711 BC Chr./11. palu Assyrian sources: son of Tarhularas, kills his father and is subjugated by the Assyrians

Based on criteria of art history, Wilfried Orthmann proposed a different scheme that makes the lion older.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Trevor Bryce : The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms; A Political and Military History . Oxford, New York 2012, p. 305.
  2. ^ A b Christian Marek, Peter Frei: History of Asia Minor in Antiquity . Munich 2010, p. 803.

literature

  • Ekrem Akurgal : The Art of the Hittites. Munich 1961.
  • John David Hawkins : Cambridge Ancient History No. 3, Vol. 1, Cambridge 1982.
  • John David Hawkins: Maraş . In: Dietz Otto Edzard u. a. (Ed.): Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Aräologie, Vol. 7. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1987–1990, pp. 352–353.
  • John David Hawkins: Inscriptions of the Iron Age (= Corpus of the Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions Vol. 1 = Studies on Indo-European Linguistics and Cultural Studies NF 8, 1). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2000, ISBN 3-11-010864-X , pp. 249-281.
  • Winfried Orthmann : Studies on late Hittite art. Bonn 1981.
  • RM Porter: Dating the Neo-Hittite Kinglets of Gurgum / Maraş. In: Anatolica 29 (2003), pp. 7-16.
  • Shigeo Yamada: The Manipulative Counting of the Euphrates Crossings in the Later Inscriptions of Shalmaneser III. In: Journal of Cuneiform Studies 50 (1998), pp. 87-94.