Gurgum
Gurgum (Assyrian Bit Pa'alla) was a neo-Hittite city-state in the Maraş plain . The capital was Maqasi (now Maraş).
history
In the first year of the reign of Shalmaneser III. (858 BC) Gurgum was part of an anti- Assyrian coalition that included Sangara from Karkemiš , Haianu from Sam'al , Sapalulme from Unqi and Ahuni , son of Adni. Ahuni was defeated at Til Barsip , and the Assyrian army bypassed Karkemiš and crossed the Euphrates at Burmar'ana. Thereupon Gurgum and Kummuh surrendered . Salmanasser took the tribute of Sangara, Karkemiš, Melid , Unqi and Gurgum in Ina-Aššur-uttir-ebat , silver, gold, lead, copper and copper vessels.
Tukulti-apil-Ešarra III. defeated 743 BC An alliance of states, to which Gurgum belonged. The king of Gurgum was Tarḫulara .
In 711 BC The Assyrians conquered Gurgum and incorporated it as a province into their empire.
Ruler
A gate lion (Maraş 1) in the late Hittite-Assyrian style (Late Hittite III after Orthmann , Late Hittite IIIa after Hawkins or Young Late Hittite after Akurgal ) bears a hieroglyphic inscription with the genealogy of King Halparuntiya III. A stele (Maraş 8) gives further genealogical information. In addition, some rulers of Gurgum are mentioned in Assyrian texts, but the equation in the case of Larama / Palalam is not entirely certain. However, Porter doubts whether it is a father-son relationship in any case and also believes that brothers may succeed to the throne.
Surname | Synchronism with Assyria | Dating | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
Astuwaramanza | - | late 11th century BC Chr. | Maraş 8, unsure if king |
Muwatalli I. | - | early 10th century BC Chr. | Son of Astuwaramanza, Maraş 8, unsure whether to be king |
Larama I. | - | approx. 950 BC Chr. | Son of Muwatalli I. |
Muwizi | - | later 10th century BC Chr. | Son of Larama I. |
Halparuntiya I. | - | earlier 9th century BC Chr. | Son of Muwizi |
Muwatalli II. | Mutallu, Shalmaneser III. | 858 BC Chr. | Son of Halparuntiya I. |
Halparuntiya II | Qalparunda, Shalmaneser III. | 853 BC Chr. | Son of Muwatalli II. |
Larama II. | Palalam | later 9th century BC Chr. | Son of Halparuntiya II, under Adad-Nirari III. mentioned as the father of Qalparunda |
Halparuntiya III. | Qalparunda, Adad-nīrārī III. | 803/805 to approx. 800 BC Chr. | Son of Larama II. |
Tarḫulara | Tukulti-apil-Ešarra III. , Sargon II. | 743 BC BC, approx. 711 BC BC / 11th palu | Relationship to Halparuntiya unclear, Assyrian sources |
Muwatalli III. | Mutallu, Sargon II. | approx. 711 BC Chr./11. palu | Assyrian sources: son of Tarhularas, kills his father and is subjugated by the Assyrians |
Based on criteria of art history, Wilfried Orthmann proposed a different scheme that makes the lion older.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Trevor Bryce : The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms; A Political and Military History . Oxford, New York 2012, p. 305.
- ^ A b Christian Marek, Peter Frei: History of Asia Minor in Antiquity . Munich 2010, p. 803.
literature
- Ekrem Akurgal : The Art of the Hittites. Munich 1961.
- John David Hawkins : Cambridge Ancient History No. 3, Vol. 1, Cambridge 1982.
- John David Hawkins: Maraş . In: Dietz Otto Edzard u. a. (Ed.): Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Aräologie, Vol. 7. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1987–1990, pp. 352–353.
- John David Hawkins: Inscriptions of the Iron Age (= Corpus of the Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions Vol. 1 = Studies on Indo-European Linguistics and Cultural Studies NF 8, 1). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2000, ISBN 3-11-010864-X , pp. 249-281.
- Winfried Orthmann : Studies on late Hittite art. Bonn 1981.
- RM Porter: Dating the Neo-Hittite Kinglets of Gurgum / Maraş. In: Anatolica 29 (2003), pp. 7-16.
- Shigeo Yamada: The Manipulative Counting of the Euphrates Crossings in the Later Inscriptions of Shalmaneser III. In: Journal of Cuneiform Studies 50 (1998), pp. 87-94.