Unqi

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Suppiluliuma, King of Walastin, 1st half of the 9th century BC Chr.

Unqi or Unqu ( Assyrian : KUR un-qi / qa- (aa) , Aramaic ʿmq , Hittite name unknown) was a late Hittite kingdom in the Amuq level and thus one of the subsequent small states into which the Hittite empire already in the 12th century BC . Chr. Disintegrated. In Assyrian sources it is sometimes referred to as Pat (t) in, KUR PA-ti-na-aa. In addition to the Assyrian reports, hieroglyphic inscriptions are known from Tell Ta'yinat , but these are mostly poorly preserved.

designation

KUR PA-ti-na-aa, based on the city of URU Hattena of the Bogazköy texts also read as KUR hat-ti-na-aa, was the city of Hattiers and accordingly transcribed as Hattina. An inscription from Tiglath-Pileser III. does, however, list a KUR pat-ti-nu in a list of Syrian states , which the reading proves as patina.

history

Before the Assyrians took Unqi, the Hittite prince of Unqi resided in Kinalua (Kunulua), the presumed capital of Unqi, for about 200 years. Tiglat-Pileser III. In 738 he completely conquered the city of Kinalua and the land of Unqui and installed his eunuch as governor. He also settled 6,000 prisoners in Kinalua. Prisoners were also resettled in Huzarra, Tac, Tarmanazi, Kulmadara, Hatatirra and Sagillu. The conquest of Kullani / Kulnia gave the year 738 the name (eponym lists), and the governor of Kullani was 684 limmu . Unqi is not mentioned as a province in the following, Hawkins suspects that it is now listed as a province of Kullani.

According to the inscription on his throne in Kalhu (line 48) Shalmaneser III. in his 11th palu , i.e. 848 BC Against the tribute of Qalparunda from Unqu. It consisted of silver, gold, pewter, bronze, bronze bowls, ivory, ebony, cedar trunks, brightly colored robes and linen, as well as horses.

Ruler

The following rulers are known, mostly from Assyrian sources:

Kings of Unqi Dating Assyrian kings Remarks
Taita 11th or 10th century possibly Philistines , King of Tell Tayinat
Manana 10th century
Suppiluliuma (I.) 10th century
Labarna I. (Lubarna, Liburna) approx. 870 (to 858?) Assurnasirpal
Suppiluliuma (II.) (Sapal elm) 858 Shalmaneser III.
Halparuntija (Qalparunda) 857-853 Shalmaneser III. also on the inscription of Tell Tayinat, possibly identical with Halparuntija II
Labarna II. (Lubarna / Lubarni) 831/829 Shalmaneser III.
Surri 831/830 Shalmaneser III. usurper
Sasi 831/30 Shalmaneser III. Assyrian subject
Tutammu 738 Tiglath-Pileser III.

Cities

  • Hatatirra
  • Huzarra
  • Kinalua ( URU ku / ki-na / nu-li / lu-a), perhaps identical to Kullani, probably the capital
  • Often Kullani / Kulnia (Hebrew klnw / klnh) with the Biblical Calneh identified, the Isaiah 10: 9 as part of the prophecy against Assur mentioned: "Is Kalne not like Carchemish , Hamath not like Arpad , Samaria not like Damascus ?" . Amos 6, 2 also mentions the destruction of Kalne: “Go over to Kalne and see! And from there go to Hamat the great, and descend to Gath the Philistines ! Are they better than these kingdoms, or is their border greater than your border? " . Yellow refused to equate Kullani with Kinalua for linguistic reasons and identified Kullani with Kullanköy at Arpad.
  • Kulmadara (Tiglat-Pileser III.)
  • Sagillu
  • Tac
  • Tarmanazi

Locations

  • Tell Ta'yinat = Kinalua / Kunulua. In 2011 archaeologists working with Timothy Harrison from the University of Toronto came across a 1.3 m × 1.6 m large, well-preserved lion statue made of basalt rock on Castle Hill. It belonged to a monumental gate system. The excavators also found a statue base for a second gate figure. On its pedestal is the representation of the king, whose hands are buried in the manes of two lions. This is a topos known to the Hittites, which symbolizes the king and his power over nature. In 738 the gate complex was probably destroyed by the Assyrians.
  • Tell Ain Dara

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ A. Gustavs, In: Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. 20, 1917, 321ff. ISSN  0030-5383
  2. ^ LD Levine: Two Neo-Assyrian Stelae from Iran. In: Occasional paper. 23, 1972, 11ff.
  3. ↑ a b c J.D. Hawkins: Assyrians and Hittites. In: Iraq. 36, 1974, 82. ISSN  0021-0889
  4. ↑ a b J. D. Hawkins: Assyrians and Hittites. In: Iraq. 36, 1974, 83. ISSN  0021-0889
  5. ↑ P. Hulin: The Inscriptions on the Carved Throne-Base of Shalmaneser III. In: Iraq. 25, 1963, 48-69. ISSN  0021-0889
  6. ↑ JD Hawkins: Assyrians and Hittites. In: Iraq. 36, 1974, 81; Trevor Bryce: The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms; A Political and Military History . Oxford, New York 2012, pp. 128-133.305-306; Christian Marek, Peter Frei: History of Asia Minor in Antiquity . Munich 2010, p. 802.
  7. ↑ Yellow: In: The American journal of Semitic languages ​​and literatures. 51, 1935, 189ff. ISSN  1062-0516
  8. ↑ Katharina Bolle: Lion statue survived unscathed for three millennia. In: epoc . 2001, 5th full text

literature

  • JD Hawkins: Assyrians and Hittites. In: Iraq. 36, 1974, 67-83. ISSN  0021-0889
  • P. Hulin: The Inscriptions on the Carved Throne-Base of Shalmaneser III. In: Iraq. 25, 1963, 48-69. ISSN  0021-0889