List of Assyrian provinces
The list of Assyrian provinces includes the Neo-Assyrian provinces. The exact localization is not guaranteed everywhere. If possible, the date of the conquest is given. The basic work on the subject is by Emil Forrer . It was subjected to a critical review in 1993 at a conference at the University of Rome. The latest compilation was made in 2006 by Karen Radner .
The Assyrian word for province is pāḫutu . Forrer assumes that this, along with bēl pāḫete / bēl pāḫiti under Tukulti-apil-Ešarra III. was adopted from the Babylonian. However, according to recent research, it appears to be older. Adad-nīrārī III. revised the system of provinces and introduced smaller units. Provinces were administered by an Assyrian governor ( šaknu ) and his deputy ( šaniu , literally "second"). Other important officials were the official clerks, the servant labor administrator ( urase ) and of course the local military commanders. The governor was subordinate to the city administrators ( ḫazannu ) and, at the lowest level, the heads of individual villages ( rab ālāni ). The provinces were in turn responsible for the upkeep of the Aššur temple in Assur, they sent food and other gifts. This system can be proven from Tukulti-apil-Ešarra I (1105-1077) to the end of the Assyrian Empire. The supply lists of the Assur temple under Tukulti-apil-Ešarra I are therefore an important source for the administrative structure of the Assyrian Empire in the 11th century.
As the first stage of the conquest, countries were made subject to tribute, they had the status of vassals. In the event of a rebellion, a punitive expedition took place, the corresponding ruler was killed and at least part of the population was deported, and the empire was made a province ( pāḫutu ). The formula was: I made the land xy (again) part of the land of Assyria. "I added land to the land of Assur, and people to its people." The first provinces west of the Euphrates, beyond the Assyrian heartland, were under Tukulti-apil-Ešarra III. set up.
Provinces of the Central Assyrian Empire
The Assyrian word for province ( pāḫutu ) is found in this meaning from the time Aššur-uballit I. Since the evidence for the conquest of Hanigalbat ( Mittanis ) and other areas under Adad-nirari I. and Šulmanu-ašared I. in relation to the Establishment of province is insufficient, it is impossible to say exactly when a particular province was established. Therefore, the texts dated by eponyms with the naming of governors and the steles of the Assyrian officials are the best sources for governors and their provinces. With the appearance of the tax lists of the Aššur temple in Aššur ( ginā'u ), which is probably to be applied from Tukulti-Ninurta I. , lists of provinces can be recorded. For the year 1077 BC During the reign of Tukulti-apil-Ešarra I - 27 provinces can be identified.
All non-referenced information in the table can be found at Jakob and Radner.
province | location | governor | king | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Abilāte | Bēl-šarra-uṣur | Sulmanu-ašared I. | ||
Uṣur-Bēl-šarra | Sulmanu-ašared I. | |||
Addariq | 1077 | |||
Aḫurra | Ninurtīja | Aššur-dan I. | ||
Amasakku | Between al-Hasakah and Ras al-Ain . | Name canceled | Sulmanu-ašared I. | 1077 |
Lā-qēpu | Tukulti-apil-Ešarra I. | |||
Amīmu | Name canceled | Tukulti-Ninurta I. | ||
Apqu | Tell Abu Mariah and surroundings | 1077 | ||
Arba'il | Erbil and surroundings | Berê | Aššur-reš-iši I. | 1077 |
Aššukanni | Tell Fecheriye and the surrounding area | ...- uballiṭ | approx. Tukulti-apil-Ešarra I. | The alternative name of this province is the Lower Province ( pāḫutu šaplītu ). |
Aššur | Surroundings of Aššur | Aššur-šuma-lēšir | Sulmanu-ašared I. | 1077; to what extent it is to be delimited from the province of Libbi-āle remains unclear. |
Aššur-bēl-ilāne | Tukulti-Ninurta I. | |||
Urad-Kūbe | Tukulti-Ninurta I. and successor | |||
Erib-Ashur | approx Ninurta-apil-ekur | |||
Pišīja | Ninurta-apil-ekur / Aššur-dan I. | |||
Bēr-abī-uṣur | Aššur-dan I. | |||
Aššur-šuma-aṣbat | Aššur-reš-iši I. | |||
Rīš-Aššur | approx. Aššur-reš-iši I. | |||
Aššur-kettī-šēṣi | Tukulti-apil-Ešarra I. | |||
Zaḫūtu | Tukulti-apil-Ešarra I. | |||
Sulmānu-šuma-iqīš | King unclear | |||
Ittabši-dēn-Aššur | King unclear | |||
Burallu | possibly on the Ḫābūr | Name canceled | approx. Aššur-dan I. | |
Dūr-Katlimmu | Tell Shech Hamad and surroundings | Katmuḫḫāju | Sulmanu-ašared I. / Tukulti-Ninurta I. | Possibly the seat of the King of Hanigalbat and Grand Vizier ( sukkallu rabi'u ). |
Eṭir-Marduk | Tukulti-Ninurta I. | |||
Habriuri | Aššur-murabbi | approx. Aššur-reš-iši I. to Tukulti-apil-Ešarra I. | ||
Habri'ūtu | Ashur-išmânni | Tukulti-apil-Ešarra I. | ||
Halaḫḫu | Tall al-'Abbasiya, probably near the later Dur-Sarrukin | Bēr-šuma-iddina | Ninurta-apil-ekur - 1171 | 1077 |
Eru-apla-iddina | Aššur-dan I. | |||
Harbe | Tell Chuera and the surrounding area | Sutī'u? | Tukulti-Ninurta I. | |
Hiššutu / Hiššetu | Qibi-Šamaš | Sulmanu-ašared I. | 1077 | |
Mari'annu | Tukulti-Ninurta I. ? | Successor of Qibi-Šamaš | ||
Hurray | Ashur-nāṣir | approx. Aššur-reš-iši I. to Tukulti-apil-Ešarra I. | Province on the banks of the Hurri River ( ša aḫ i7 Hurri ) | |
Husanānu | 1077 | |||
Idu | probably Satu Qala on the lower Zab ; earlier it was identified with Hit or in its vicinity (Tell Bahije) | Aššur-abuk-aḫḫē | approx. Aššur-reš-iši I. to Tukulti-apil-Ešarra I. | 1077 |
... šani; king | Temporal classification unclear, probably between 1200 and 1000 BC Chr. | |||
Abbi-zēri, son of ... šani; king | Temporal classification unclear, probably between 1200 and 1000 BC Chr. | |||
Ba'i ..., son of Abbi-zēri; king | Temporal classification unclear, probably between 1200 and 1000 BC Chr. | |||
Isana | possibly identical to today's Senn on the west bank of the Tigris , near the confluence with the Great Zab | Erib-Ashur | approx. Aššur-dan I. | Sulmanu-ašared I renovated the city's Adad temple |
Marduk-uballissu | Tukulti-apil-Ešarra I. | |||
Ubasāju | King unclear | |||
Kalḫu | Nimrud and surroundings | 1077 | ||
Karānā | Tell ar-Rimah and surroundings | 1077 | ||
Kār-Tukultī-Ninurta | Tulul al-ʿAqar | Uṣur-namkūr-šarre | Tukulti-Ninurta I. | |
Katmuḫḫu | eastern Tur Abdin | Aššur-šēzibanni | Aššur-uballit I. | 1077 |
Bēr-išmānni | Tukulti-Ninurta I. | |||
Mardukīja | approx Ninurta-apil-ekur | |||
Kilizu | Qaṣr Šemāmok (between Kalhu and Arba'il) and surroundings | Ibašši-ilī | Aššur-dan I. | 1077 |
Aššur-šallimšunu? | Aššur-reš-iši I. | |||
Kulišhinaš | Tell Amuda and the surrounding area | 1077 | ||
Kurda | possibly Tall Aswad | 1077 | ||
Libbi-āle | probably only the city of Aššur itself | 1077 | ||
Naturally | am Ḫābūr | Aššur-kettī-īde | Sulmanu-ašared I. | |
Mele-Saḫ | Sulmanu-ašared I. / Tukulti-Ninurta I. | |||
Nâr-Zuḫini | Puššaja | Aššur-dan I. | ||
Niḫrija | in the Urfa area | Aššur-šēzibanni | Aššur-uballit I. | |
Ninua | Aššur-šēzibanni | Aššur-uballit I. | 1077 | |
Mudammeq-Marduk | approx. Adad-nirari I. to Tukulti-Ninurta I. | |||
Aššur-mudammeq | approx. Aššur-nadin-apli | |||
Samēdu | approx Enlil-kudurrī-uṣur | |||
Ninurtāju | Aššur-dan I. | |||
Qatni | at the middle Ḫābūr | Name canceled | Aššur-dan I. | |
Saḫlala | Name canceled | Tukulti-Ninurta I. | ||
Šadikanni | Tell ʿAǧāǧa and Tell Maqbarat ʿAǧāǧa and their surroundings | Kidin-Ninu'a | Aššur-dan I. | The alternative name of this province is the Upper Province ( pāḫutu ēlītu ). |
... lim-Marduk | Tukulti-apil-Ešarra I. | |||
Ša-Silli | south of the lower Zab | 1077 | ||
Šibaniba | Tell Billa and surroundings | 1077 | ||
Šimu / i | perhaps between Hazir and great Zab | 1077 | ||
Sinamu | Pornak at Diyarbakır | Līšur-ṣala-Aššur | Aššur-bel-kala | |
Šudu / Šūda | near the Ḫābūr | Kiditû? | approx. Aššur-reš-iši I. | 1077 |
Suduhu | Kidin-Sîn | Tukulti-Ninurta I. | identical to Šudu / Šūda? | |
Šumēla | 1077 | |||
Ta'idu | Tell al-Hamidiya and the surrounding area | Mušallim-Šamaš | King unclear | 1077 |
Sîn-balāssu-ēriš | Aššur-dan I. | |||
Talmuššu | north of Nineveh | Erib-Marduk | Tukulti-Ninurta I. | 1077, Šulmanu-ašared I. renovated the town's Ištar temple |
Sîn-zēra-iddina | Tukulti-apil-Ešarra I. | |||
Turšan | northwest of Nuzi , on the Lower Zab | 1077 | ||
Tuttul | Tall Bi'a at Ar-Raqqa | Aššur-šuma-uṣur | Tukulti-Ninurta I. |
Provinces of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
province | location | governor | king | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alzi | On the upper Tigris | |||
Amedi | Upper Tigristal | Covers parts of Bit Zamani , the capital was today's Diyarbakır | ||
Bit Haza'ili | Aram | 733 under Tukulti-apil-Ešarra III. | ||
Du'ru ( Dor ) | Border in the south: the Yarkon River , border in the north: Mount Carmel | 734 BC Chr. | ||
Gal'aza ( Gilead ) | Transjordan , Balqa and Jebel 'Ajlun | 733/732 under Tukulti-apil-Ešarra III. | Under Assurhaddon divided into the provinces of Gilead in the south and Hamath in the north (Forrer 1920) | |
Gidir, Gadora (et-Tell) | Israel, north of Tâb'el | |||
Hamâth, | Tell el-'Ammata, Wadi Rajib | |||
Harhar | In the Zagros Mountains | Sargon II. | ||
Haurim ( Hauran ) | Transjordan | 733/732 under Tukulti-apil-Ešarra III. | ||
Hilakku | Cilicia | |||
Ḫubuškia | Iran | |||
Karalla | Sargon II , 713 | Formerly Mannai , residents partly deported | ||
Kišesim | Zagros, western media | Sargon II. | ||
Kulimmeri | Northeast of Diyarbakır | Formerly Subria | ||
Kullani | Tukulti-apil-Ešarra III. | probably Unqi (Amuq) | ||
Manşuāti | 732 BC Chr. | |||
Province of the '' masennu '' | Parts of Kumme and Ulluba ( Cizre plane) | The latter was under Tukulti-apil-Ešarra III. Conquered in 738 after an Aramaic rebellion against Kumme. Numerous deportees from the Levant were settled | ||
URA Magidu | Megiddo | |||
Namri | Iran | |||
Pulua, | Upper Tigris | |||
Qarnini | Transjordan | 733/732 under Tukulti-apil-Ešarra III. | The capital was Qarnaim | |
URA Samerina | Samaria | |||
Şīdūnu | Sidon , Phenicia | 676 BC Chr. | ||
Schubria | Upper Tigris | |||
Tâb'el, KUR Ta-ab-i-la-a | Transjordan, west of Ammon | (Hebrew Tob'el, Aramaic Tab'el) | ||
Tuschan | Upper Tigristal (Nirdun), parts of Bit Zamani | Assur-Nasirpal II. 882 BC Chr. | The capital was the eponymous Tuschan (Ziyaret Tepe, 10 km east of Bismil ) | |
Upummu | Northeast of Diyarbakır | Formerly Subria | ||
Zamua | media |
literature
- E. Forrer: The provincial division of the Assyrian Empire . Hinrichs, Leipzig 1920.
- LD Levine: Geographical studies in the Neo-Assyrian Zagros . Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto 1974.
- Mario Liverani (Ed.): Neo-Assyrian Geography . Herder, Rome 1995 ( Quaderni di Geografia Storica . Vol. 5).
- FM Fales, JN Postgate: Imperial administrative records, part II: provincial and military administration . Helsinki University Press, Helsinki 1995, ISBN 951-570-248-8 ( State Archives of Assyria . Vol. 11).
- Richard A. Henshaw: The office of Šaknu in Neo-Assyrian times . In: Journal of the American Oriental Society . No. 87/4, 1967, pp. 517-525.
- Bradley J. Parker: At the edge of empire: conceptualizing Assyria's Anatolian frontier, ca.700 BC . In: Journal of anthropological Archeology . No. 21, 2002, pp. 371-395.
- Simo Parpola: Assyria identity in ancient times and today ( http://www.aina.org/articles/assyrianidentity.pdf ).
- Karen Radner: Province. C. Assyria . In: Michael P. Streck u. a. (Ed.): Real Lexicon of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology ; Vol. 11; 1./2. Delivery: Prince, Princess - Qaṭṭara . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-11-019133-4 , pp. 42-68.
Individual evidence
- ↑ E. Forrer: The provincial division of the Assyrian Empire . Hinrichs, Leipzig 1920.
- ↑ Mario Liverani (Ed.): Neo-Assyrian Geography . Herder, Rome 1995 ( Quaderni di Geografia Storica . Vol. 5).
- ^ Karen Radner: Province. C. Assyria . In: Michael P. Streck u. a .: Real Lexicon of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology ; Vol. 11; 1./2. Delivery: Prince, Princess - Qaṭṭara . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-11-019133-4 , pp. 42-68.
- ^ A b J. N. Postgate: The Land of Assur and the Yoke of Assur . In: World Archeology . Vol. 23/3, 1992, p. 251.
- ^ Province of Aššur, see S. Jakob, Central Assyrian Administration and Social Structure . Brill, Leiden - Boston 2003 ( Cuneiform Monographs . Vol. 29), p. 14.
- ↑ For an evaluation cf. S. Jakob, Central Assyrian Administration and Social Structure . Brill, Leiden - Boston 2003 ( Cuneiform Monographs . Vol. 29), pp. 111-139.
- ↑ Walter Andrae : The rows of stelae in Assur . Hinrichs, Leipzig 1913.
- ↑ See S. Jakob, Central Assyrian Administration and Social Structure . Brill, Leiden - Boston 2003 ( Cuneiform Monographs . Vol. 29), pp. 175-182 with further literature.
- ↑ Compare with Helmut Freydank: Central Assyrian legal documents and administrative texts IV: Tables from Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta . Harrassowitz, Saarbrücken 2001, ISBN 978-3-447-05556-7 .
- ^ Karen Radner: Province. C. Assyria . In: Michael P. Streck u. a. (Ed.): Real Lexicon of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology ; Vol. 11; 1./2. Delivery: Prince, Princess - Qaṭṭara . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-11-019133-4 , p. 43 and S. Jakob, Central Assyrian administration and social structure . Brill, Leiden - Boston 2003 ( Cuneiform Monographs . Vol. 29), p. 12.
- ↑ The dating of the corresponding text is now being questioned, possibly as early as the 12th century BC. To put, cf. H. Freydank: Notes on Central Assyrian Texts 5 . In: Ancient Near Eastern Research . Vol. 33, 2006, pp. 218f.
- ^ S. Jakob, Central Assyrian Administration and Social Structure . Brill, Leiden - Boston 2003 ( Cuneiform Monographs . Vol. 29), pp. 12, 111-139.
- ^ Karen Radner: Province. C. Assyria . In: Michael P. Streck u. a. (Ed.): Real Lexicon of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology ; Vol. 11; 1./2. Delivery: Prince, Princess - Qaṭṭara . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-11-019133-4 , pp. 42-68.
- ↑ Khaled Nashef : The names of places and waters of the Middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian times . Dr. Ludwig Reichert, Wiesbaden 1982, p. 28f.
- ^ A b Stefano Anastasio: Atlas of Preclassical Upper Mesopotamia . Brepols, Turnhout 2004, ISBN 2-503-99120-3 ( Subartu . Vol. 13), No. 113.
- ↑ Helmut Freydank: Central Assyrian legal documents and administrative texts VIII . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2007, ISBN 978-3-447-05678-6 , text no.22.
- ↑ a b H. Freydank: Notes on Central Assyrian Texts 5 . In: Ancient Near Eastern Research . Vol. 33, 2006, p. 219 with note 17.
- ↑ For example, Helmut Freydank: Mittelassyrische legal documents and administrative texts V . Harrassowitz, Saarbrücken 2004, ISBN 978-3-447-05563-5 , Text No. 41 and 44.
- ↑ K. Nashef: The names of places and waters of the Middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian times . Dr. Ludwig Reichert, Wiesbaden 1982, pp. 74f.
- ^ S. Jakob, Central Assyrian Administration and Social Structure . Brill, Leiden - Boston 2003 ( Cuneiform Monographs . Vol. 29), pp. 55-64.
- ↑ a b Helmut Freydank: Central Assyrian legal documents and administrative texts VI . Saarländische Druckerei & Verlag, Saarbrücken 2005, ISBN 3-930843-94-3 , text no.86.
- ↑ K. Nashef: The names of places and waters of the Middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian times . Dr. Ludwig Reichert, Wiesbaden 1982, p. 114f.
- ^ Against S. Jakob, Central Assyrian Administration and Social Structure . Brill, Leiden - Boston 2003 ( Cuneiform Monographs . Vol. 29), p. 112, who uses Aššur as his domain, is a governor of Halahhu, cf. on this Helmut Freydank: Central Assyrian legal documents and administrative texts VII . Saarländische Druckerei & Verlag, Saarwellingen 2006, ISBN 3-930843-99-4 ( Scientific publications of the German Orient Society . No. 111), Text No. 71, lines 6-7 ( i-na UGU D Be-er MU- SUM -na // EN pa-he-te ša KUR Ha-láh-hu ).
- ↑ Helmut Freydank: Central Assyrian legal documents and administrative texts VIII . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2007, ISBN 978-3-447-05678-6 , text no.34.
- ↑ 35 ° 52'22 N, 44 ° 42'56 E, cf. Wilfred H. van Soldt: The Location of Idu . In: NABU . 2008, No. 55.
- ↑ K. Nashef: The names of places and waters of the Middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian times . Dr. Ludwig Reichert, Wiesbaden 1982, pp. 135f.
- ^ Helmut Freydank: Central Assyrian legal documents and administrative texts VI . Saarländische Druckerei & Verlag, Saarbrücken 2005, ISBN 3-930843-94-3 , text no.22 .
- ↑ a b c Wilfred H. van Soldt: The Location of Idu . In: NABU . 2008, No. 55.
- ^ Stefano Anastasio: Atlas of Preclassical Upper Mesopotamia . Brepols, Turnhout 2004, ISBN 2-503-99120-3 ( Subartu . Vol. 13), No. 249.
- ^ Helmut Freydank: Central Assyrian legal documents and administrative texts VI . Saarländische Druckerei & Verlag, Saarbrücken 2005, ISBN 3-930843-94-3 , text no.85.
- ^ Stefano Anastasio: Atlas of Preclassical Upper Mesopotamia . Brepols, Turnhout 2004, ISBN 2-503-99120-3 ( Subartu . Vol. 13), No. 260.
- ↑ K. Nashef: The names of places and waters of the Middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian times . Dr. Ludwig Reichert, Wiesbaden 1982, p. 173.
- ↑ K. Nashef: The names of places and waters of the Middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian times . Dr. Ludwig Reichert, Wiesbaden 1982, pp. 205f.
- ↑ K. Nashef: The names of places and waters of the Middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian times . Dr. Ludwig Reichert, Wiesbaden 1982, p. 221.
- ↑ K. Nashef: The names of places and waters of the Middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian times . Dr. Ludwig Reichert, Wiesbaden 1982, p. 241f.
- ↑ Helmut Freydank: Mittelassyrische legal documents and administrative texts V . Harrassowitz, Saarbrücken 2004, ISBN 978-3-447-05563-5 , text no.27.
- ↑ K. Nashef: The names of places and waters of the Middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian times . Dr. Ludwig Reichert, Wiesbaden 1982, p. 244f.
- ^ Stefano Anastasio: Atlas of Preclassical Upper Mesopotamia . Brepols, Turnhout 2004, ISBN 2-503-99120-3 ( Subartu . Vol. 13), No. 59.
- ↑ K. Nashef: The names of places and waters of the Middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian times . Dr. Ludwig Reichert, Wiesbaden 1982, p. 251.
- ↑ Helmut Freydank: Central Assyrian legal documents and administrative texts VII . Saarländische Druckerei & Verlag, Saarwellingen 2006, ISBN 3-930843-99-4 ( Scientific publications of the German Orient Society . No. 111), Text No. 50
- ↑ Helmut Freydank: Mittelassyrische legal documents and administrative texts V . Harrassowitz, Saarbrücken 2004, ISBN 978-3-447-05563-5 , text no.42.
- ↑ K. Nashef: The names of places and waters of the Middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian times . Dr. Ludwig Reichert, Wiesbaden 1982, p. 266.