Aššur-uballiṭ I.

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Aššur-uballiṭ I. ( Ashur-uballit , Assur-uballit ), son of Erība-Adad I was a Central Assyrian king who ruled for 36 years according to the Assyrian king list .

author Reign Remarks
Grayson 1969 1365-1330 BC Chr. middle chronology
Mob 1942 1362-1327 BC Chr.
Gasche et al. 1998 1356-1322 BC Chr. Ultra-short chronology
Freydank 1991 1353-1338 BC Chr.

Under Aššur-uballiṭ I (1353-1338 BC), the Assyrian Empire took over Mesopotamia .

swell

His name is presumably also listed in the synchronistic king list, but is only partially preserved there. Accordingly, Aššur-uballiṭ ruled simultaneously with Kara-Hardaš and the usurper Nazi-Bugaš / Šuzigaš. Numerous inscriptions have come down to us from Aššur-uballiṭ, as well as the imprint of his royal seal with the inscription: "The stone seal of Aššur-uballiṭ, king of Assyria, son of Erība-Adad." A very poorly preserved basalt stele came from Nineveh .

Aššur-uballiṭ sent letters to the Egyptian pharaoh Napḥurija, which have been preserved in the Amarna archives . Presumably this is Amenhotep IV. However, an identification with Eje II was also considered. His messenger brought a good wagon, two horses and a "date stone" made of lapis lazuli . The cautious tone as well as the wording of the letter (EA 15) reveals the first contact of an insignificant small state with a largely unknown power. The Pharaoh is asked several times not to hold the messenger. This should collect information about the Pharaoh and his country and then return to Assyria. Grayson sees this letter as an exploratory letter.

In a second letter (EA 16), Aššur-uballiṭ I already boldly names the Pharaoh a brother. After listing the gifts that have already been sent, he complains about the gifts in return; In his opinion, too little gold was sent, even though it occurs like dust in Egypt. He needs this gold to decorate a new palace and asks the Pharaoh to send as much as is necessary. He states that his predecessor Aššur-nadin-ahhe II and the king of Ḫanilgabat received 20 talents of gold. The amount sent to Aššur-uballiṭ was obviously smaller (exact amount unfortunately canceled), it was hardly enough to cover the travel expenses and to pay the messengers (EA 16, 28–30). There had been problems with the nomadic Suti who kidnapped the Egyptian messenger, so he withheld other messengers. But he released the messengers. Aššur-uballiṭ also complains about the treatment of his emissaries, who seem to have been left standing in the blazing sun, which could be fatal for them. “If the king benefits from standing in the blazing sun, then the king should stand in the blazing sun! But why should they die in the blazing sun? ... you will die in the blazing sun! "

history

According to the inscriptions of his successor Adad-nirari I , Aššur-uballiṭ ruled Ekur , conquered Musru and Subartu and expanded the country's borders. According to Hittite reports, he even seems to have threatened Karkemiš at times. He prides himself on being equal to the ruler of Hanilgabat , presumably Tušratta (EA 16, 26). To karduniaš were peaceful relations. A letter from Prince Enlil-nērāru (Ellil-nārāri) to Illilīja, (BE XVII 91), presumably Enlil-kidinni, the šandabakku of Nippur , reports on the sending of a bronze sun disk with inlaid black and white banded chalcedony . In return, fabric for chair covers ( šiddu ) is requested. If these are not available, 60 colored robes should be sent. As a personal gift to a Illilīja was perṣeduḫu - Primer sent.

A daughter of Ashur-uballit, Muballiṭat-Šerū'a, married a Kassite king, presumably, these were to Burna-Burias II. , Who in Amarna letter EA had nine tries vehemently to prevent relations between Assyria and Egypt the Assyrians had designated as his vassals. Gifts from Burna-Buriāš II to the throne prince Enlil-nērāru in his 25th year of reign (CBS 3235, 3776 from Nippur) lead Faist to suspect that the wedding took place in or after this year. After Kadašman-Ḫarbe, the son of Muballiṭat-Šerū'a, was murdered by insurgent Kassites who made Nazi Bugaš , "a man of low origin" king in his place , Aššur-uballiṭ moved to Karduniaš to seek revenge for his grandson to take. He slew Nazi Bugaš and put Kurigalzu the younger, a son of Burna-Buriāš II, "on his father's throne". Presumably it was a younger brother of Kadašman-Ḫarbe. The concise text of the Synchronistic History , the main source for this period, does not allow us to judge to what extent Aššur-uballiṭ enjoyed the help of Kassites who had remained loyal to the ancestral royal family in this intervention. However, this is very likely. Until the conquest of Babylon by Tukultī-Ninurta , there were only a series of border disputes in which Aššur did not show any clear superiority. An increasing militarization of Central Assyrian society is generally recognized, but the long reign of Aššur-uballiṭ also seems too short for the establishment of an army that was able to overthrow the prosperous and especially populous Babylon without further help.

In the 9th year of the reign of Mursili II , Aštata on the Euphrates was taken by the Assyrians. Emil Forrer attributes this conquest to Enlil-nērāru , M. Rowton, however, Aššur-uballiṭ I. The conquest was not followed by permanent Assyrian rule.

According to clay tablets from Tell ʿAlī west of Kirkuk , Arrapḫa also came under Assyrian rule under Aššur-uballiṭ.

Contemporaries of Aššur-uballiṭ I (1353-1318 BC)
Egypt Hittites Mittani Babylon
Amenhotep III (1388-1351) Tudḫaliya II. (1375-1355) Tušratta (1380-1350) Kadašman-Enlil I (1374-1360)
Amenhotep IV (1351-1337) Šuppiluliuma I. (1355–1323) Šattiwazza (1350-1320) Burna-buriaš II (1360-1333)
Semenchkare (1337-1333) Kara-Hardaš (1333)
Tutankhamun (1333-1323) Nazi Bugaš (1333)
Kurigalzu II. (1333-1308)

cult

The first evidence of the cult of Marduk from Aššur comes from his reign . The temple was built by the royal scribe Marduk-nadin-ahhe, son of Marduk-uballiṭ, son of Ušušur-Marduk, who bore the corresponding theophoric name . The corresponding text has only come down to us in a neo-Assyrian copy; Wolfram von Soden considers it to be a later forgery.

Officer

Its royal scribe was Marduk-nadin-aḫḫe, son of Marduk-uballiṭ, son of Uššur-ana-Marduk.

Eponyms:

  • Ellil-mudammeq, son of Asanu

buildings

He built the Pattituhdi canal (Canal of Abundance) and in this connection blocked the Uballiṭ-nišešu well , which Aššur-nadin-aḫḫe had built and lined with limestone, burnt bricks and bitumen, as it was unsuitable for an orchard. He carried out renovation work on the Ištar temple and deposited a foundation cylinder . Other founding cylinders presumably refer to the terrace of a new palace.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ J. von Beckerath: Chronology of the Pharaonic Egypt. von Zabern, Mainz 1998, ISBN 3-8053-2310-7 , p. 23
  2. ↑ Betina Faist : The long-distance trade of the Assyrian Empire between the 14th and 11th centuries before Christ. In: Old Orient and Old Testament. (AOAT) 265, Ugarit, Münster 2001, p. 15.
  3. ^ Annals of Muršili II . In: Cuneiform documents from Bogazköy. Volume 14, Text No. 16. ' (KUB XIV 16) from the second year of government
  4. ↑ Cordt Kühne: The chronology of the international correspondence of ElAmarna. In: AOAT. 17, 1973, p. 78.
  5. ↑ Betina Faist: The long-distance trade of the Assyrian Empire between the 14th and 11th centuries before Christ. In: Old Orient and Old Testament. 265, Ugarit, Münster 2001, note 44.
  6. ^ JA Brinkman: Materials and Studies for a Kassite History. I, Appendix C, Chicago 1975, pp. 418-423.
  7. ↑ Betina Faist: The long-distance trade of the Assyrian Empire between the 14th and 11th centuries before Christ. In: Old Orient and Old Testament. 265, Ugarit, Münster 2001, p. 209.
  8. ↑ Synchronistic History. Col. I, 19 f.
  9. ^ MB Rowton: The Background of the Treaty between Ramesses II. And Hattušiliš III. In: Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 13/1, 1959, p. 4.
  10. ↑ BK Ismael-Sabir: Information about clay tablets from Tell-Ali. In: H. Klengel (ed.): Society and culture in the ancient Middle East. (= Writings on the history and culture of the ancient Orient. 15). Berlin 1982, pp. 117-119.
  11. ↑ For an inscription of this person cf. EA Wallis Budge, LW King: Annals of the Kings of Assyria . London 1902, pp. 388-391.
predecessor Office successor
Eriba-Adad I. Assyrian king Enlil-nirari
personal data
SURNAME Aššur-uballiṭ I.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ashhur-uballit, Assur-uballit
BRIEF DESCRIPTION king
DATE OF BIRTH 14th century BC Chr.
DATE OF DEATH 1318 BC Chr.