Subartu
The land of Subartu ( Sumerian KUR SU.BIR 4 KI ; Akkadian Šubartum / Subartum; Assyrian mât Šubarri) lay north of Babylonia on the Tigris .
designation
The name Šubartu can also be found in the Amarna letters and as Šbr in Ugarit . Only once (BM 121057, 123532A) is the spelling mât su-bar-te found in Assyrian inscriptions . Millard sees this as evidence of Babylonian influence and wants the board to the reign of I. Tukulti-Ninurta or Tiglath-pileser I. set.
The Subartu language is called Su KI / SU.BIR 4 AKI (from Šubartu) in Akkadian .
Since the end of the Neo-Assyrian period and especially in the Neo-Babylonian period , Šubartu has also been used as a name for Assyria (inscriptions from Nabupolassar , Nebuchadnezzar II and Nabonidus ). Even in the reign of Cambyses II , Subaraic and Cimmerian prisoners are mentioned.
history
Already Sargon of Akkad should be drawn against subir to war, which, as well as campaigns against Simurru on Little Zab is occupied, not be excluded. Naram-Sin even claims to have extended his rule to Šubartu and the cedar forest ( Amanus Mountains ). Išbi-Īrra , king of Isin, boasts of his victories against Šubartu and Elam . Šubara names have been recorded in Babylon since the Ur-III period ( Šu-Sîn ), which Gernot Wilhelm attributes to the slave trade. A number of Subaraic slaves are mentioned under Ammidatana and Ammiṣaduqua , earlier evidence is sparse (one from the reign of Rim-Sin , two from that of Šamšu-iluna ). Hammurabi of Babylon reports a victory over Subartum and his kings in his 30th year of reign. Subaraic slaves are also mentioned from his time. In the Kassite period, Kurigalzu II waged war against Subartum.
As the first Assyrian king, Aššur-uballit (according to inscriptions from Adad-nîrāri I ) is said to have won victories against the Šubaraeans. Tukulti-Ninurta I then called himself the conqueror of the vast Šubaru and Guti lands , Assurhaddon king of the lands of Šubartu, Guti and Hatti .
Research history
The term Subartu was first used by P. Jensen in 1891. Arthur Ungnad was the first to interpret it as a national or country name and assumed that the Mitanni came from Subartu and were early Hittites . Since 1900 he developed his Pan-Subaraic theory, according to which the Subaraeans were not only the founders of the Assyrian Empire , but had lived in the entire area between Anatolia and Egypt. In a book from 1936 he put forward the thesis that the Subaraeans were the indigenous people of the area between the Mediterranean and Persia, Armenia and Mesopotamia. They were as the reliefs of Tell Halaf took brachycephalous and in its early days, the creator of painted Halaf ceramics ( painted pottery ), who later Hittite hieroglyphic inscriptions have been. Its center assumed disgrace on the upper Chabur .
Ephraim Avigdor Speiser , Benno Landsberger and Cyril John Gadd wanted to equate Subartu and Hurri ( Hurriter ).
Cities in Šubaru
- Arinu
- Šasili
- Turḫu
- Ubumme
- Zaduri
religion
The gods of Subartu are named:
literature
- Ignace Gelb , Hurrians and Subarians , Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1944.
- Ephraim Avigdor Speiser , Mesopotamian Origins: the Basic Population of the Near East , Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania press / London: H. Milford, Oxford university press 1930.
- Arthur Ungnad , The oldest migrations in the Middle East. A contribution to the history and culture of the Semites, Aryans, Hittites and Subaraeans , Kulturfragen 1, Breslau 1923, 4–8.
- Arthur Ungnad, Subartu. Contributions to the cultural history and ethnology of the Middle East , Berlin / Leipzig 1936.