Aram (Damascus)

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Kingdoms in the Levant 830 BC Chr .; turquoise: Aramaic Kingdom of Aram of Damascus
Location of "Aramaea Damascena"
JC Harenbergi : Periculum geographicum de Regione Aram , in Acta Eruditorum , 1740

Aram-Damascus was an Aramaic kingdom with the capital Damascus and probably existed from the 13th century BC. BC to 733 BC In the Bible , the name Aram is also used for other Aramaic kingdoms.

history

The establishment of the Kingdom of Aram is unknown. In connection with the arrival of the Hyksos , the Egyptian side describes the King of the Hyksos as "a strong Aremu from Retenu ". The Aremu / Arime (i) / Amel / Aramu / Arumu / Ahlame / Achlamu are the Arameans . In the further course up to the 13th century BC Chr. , A number of Aramaic major kingdoms in the area of the later joined Syria and the middle Euphrates together what Aram-Damascus marked the southernmost region. Previously, Damascus was the center of a smaller city-state that was ruled by Thutmose III. (1479-1425) was taken. Akhenaten mentions Aram Damascus in two Amarna letters (139, 63; 142, 21).

An anti-Assyrian coalition took place in 853 BC. The battle of Qarqar on the Orontes took place near Hama . A-cha-ab-bu / Achabu from Kur Sir'i-la-aa / Sirila is mentioned as an ally of the anti-Assyrian coalition , who is mostly identified with Ahab from Israel, although an identification is not mandatory. Israel was commonly referred to as the "House of Omri" in Assyrian inscriptions. The divergence in attribution is therefore the subject of controversial discussions. Shalmaneser III Although he won a victory, this did not calm the situation over the long term. In the following years up to 835 BC BC undertook Shalmaneser III. repeated campaigns to put down rebellions.

Ben-Hadad II died around 841 BC. Chr .; Hasa'el followed him as the founder of a new dynasty.

According to the testimony of the Bible, the Kingdom of Judah called for help to Tiglat-Pileser III. by Panam-muwa II of Jadi , who was subsequently installed as king. The background was the military takeover of the throne by "Azeri-yahu / Asar-ja, a rebel from a neighboring country". The similarity of names between Jadi and Asar-ja gave rise to discussions about equating it with Azarja , whose reign was dated the same year. Accordingly, Asar-ja is also used in the writings of Tiglath-Pilesar III. mentioned who confirm the report of Panammu II:

“Panammu II brought gifts to Tiglat-Pileser III, who was then made king. Tiglat-Pileser III. killed the stone of the destroyer Azar-ija of the house of Panammu. He gave Tiglat-Pileser III. more gifts from the treasure of the gods in Jadi. Jadi was fine there. Campaigns of the Tiglat-Pileser III. were supported by Jadi. So Panammu II received the leadership position over the neighboring countries. "

- Bar-Rakib , son of Panammu II. 732 BC Chr.

Biblical tradition

Damascus is said to have been annexed to his great empire under King David ( 2 Sam 8,8  EU ) and therefore remained under Israelite rule for several decades. Then Reson , the son of Eljada, a refugee from the Aramaic kingdom of Zoba near Hama , shook off the supremacy of Solomon and founded a new dynasty ( 1 Kings 11:23  EU ), which was a thorn in the flank of Israel. Ben-Hadad II was defeated by Ahab of Israel. Hasa'el and his son Ben-Hadad III. won numerous victories over Israel (cf. 2 Kings 13  EU under Jehoahaz ), but had to give in to Assyrian pressure.

Damascus is said to have come under Israelite domination for a while, Jeroboam II , King of Israel, took Hama and Damascus ( 2 Kings 14.28  EU ), but this success did not last long.

King Rezin allied himself with King Pekach of Israel, together they besieged Jerusalem , which was under the rule of Ahaz ( 2 Kings 16  EU ), but unsuccessfully. But Rezin was able to take Eilat and settled Edomites there. Ahaz of Judah then called for help to Tiglath-pileser III. of Assyria, which he accompanied with abundant treasures ( 2 Kings 16.8  EU ).

Damascus was by Tiglath-Pileser III. taken, Rezin killed and the empire divided into three Assyrian provinces (Damascus, Karnini ( Karnajim ) and Haurini ( Hauran )). After at 9.7  EU , the population was to Kir deported, the mythical country of origin of the Syrians. According to H. Gese, this information can also be traced back to a deuteronomistic revision.

Kings of Aram Damascus

literature

  • Thomas Schneider : Lexicon of the Pharaohs . Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3 .
  • M. Elat: The campaigns of Shalmaneser III. against Aram and Israel. In: Israel Exploration Journal. Jerusalem 25.1975. ISSN  0021-2059
  • Volkmar Fritz : The foreign races of Amos. in: Vetus Testamentum. Leiden 37.1987, 1, 26-38. ISSN  0042-4935
  • Brad E. Kelle: What's in a Name? Neo-Assyrian designations for the Northern Kingdom and their implications for Israelite history and Biblical interpretation. in: Journal of Biblical Literature . Atlanta 121.2002,4, 639-666. ISSN  0021-9231
  • Alfred Jepsen : Israel and Damascus. in: Archive for Orient Research (AfO). Graz 14.1941 / 45, 153–172. ISSN  0066-6440
  • Jeffrey H. Kuan: Samsi-ilu and the Realpolitik of Israel and Aram-Damascus in the Eighth Century BCE. in: James Maxwell Miller: The Land That I Will Show You. Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield 2001, 135-151. ISBN 1-84127-257-4
  • Edward Lipiriski: Aram et Israel du X e au VIII e siècle av. JC in: Acta Antiqua. Szeged 2.1979.
  • Nadav Na'aman: Two notes on the monolith inscription of Shalmaneser III. from Kurkh . in: ??? (TA). 3.1976, 99-101.
  • Wayne T. Pitard: Ancient Damascus. A historical study of the Syrian City-State from earliest times until the fall to the Assyrians in 732 BCE Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns 1987, 114–125. ISBN 0-931464-29-3
  • Merrill F. Unger: Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus, a study in archeological illumination of Bible history. James Clarke, London 1957, 1980. ISBN 0-8010-9204-3
  • Shigeo Yamada: The construction of the Assyrian Empire. A historical study of the inscriptions of Shalmanessar III relating to his campaigns in the West. Culture and history of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 3. Brill, Leiden 2000. ISBN 9004117725

References

  1. ↑ In Egyptian notation A 3 mw . Until the end of the second intermediate period, the 3 was still used to write the r , cf. to Thomas Schneider: Lexicon of the Pharaohs .
  2. ↑ Otto Kaiser: Texts from the environment of the Old Testament (TUAT). Vol. 1. Old series, p. 360f.
  3. ^ TUAT 1st old series, p. 630ff.