Hadronyche formidabilis

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Hadronyche formidabilis
Hadronyche formidabilis

Hadronyche formidabilis

Systematics
Class : Arachnids (arachnida)
Order : Spiders (Araneae)
Subordination : Tarantulas (Mygalomorphae)
Family : Atracidae
Genre : Hadronyche
Type : Hadronyche formidabilis
Scientific name
Hadronyche formidabilis
( Rainbow , 1914)

Hadronyche formidabilis is an Australian spider species from the suborder of the tarantulas . It is called in Australia "northern tree-dwelling funnel-web spider" ("northern tree-dwelling funnel-web spider"), also: "Northern Rivers funnel-web spider" or "Northern funnel-web spider".

description

Like all related species, Hadronyche formidabilis has a glossy black carapace and matt black or dark brown chelicerae , legs and belly. Females are usually hardly identifiable down to the species. The species can be distinguished from other species of the genus by its body size (carapace length of the males 10 to 12 millimeters, making it the largest species in the family). The best species characteristic of the males is a rounded, clearly thorny appendix (apophysis) on the tibia of the second pair of legs. In addition, the spinnerets, especially their last link, are longer than in the other Hadronyche species. In both sexes, the carapace is relatively longer and narrower than in the related species. As a specialized tree dweller, the species rarely occurs together with the other species.

habitat

Hadronyche formidabilis lives in eastern Australia and occurs from northern New South Wales to southern Queensland . The species is a specialized tree dweller. It creates its hiding places, the typical, funnel-shaped nets of all types of the family, mostly within hollow branches. Sometimes these are located inside hollow tree trunks, where they apparently hunt the rich dead wood fauna found there. Hiding places were found close to the ground up to a height of about 30 meters.

The species lives in the tropical rainforest and in open forest formations with tall trees, for example from tallow-wood ( Eucalyptus microcorys ).

Poison

The venom of Hadronyche formidabilis leads to symptoms similar to those of the Sydney funnel- web spider ( Atrax robustus ). The species' venom is potentially fatal to humans and is believed to be the most poisonous within the Atracidae family. A high proportion of hadronyche formidabilis bites - five out of eight registered cases in a systematic study - lead to severe symptoms of intoxication. All registered cases of poisoning go back to males of the species. The venom can be successfully treated with the antidote for the related Sydney funnel-web spider. Symptoms of a bite include: fever, goose bumps, diaphoresis, high blood pressure, sinus tachycardia, muscle spasm, vomiting, impaired consciousness and local pain at the bite site within 15-20 minutes. Applying pressure bandages and immobilizing the patient can significantly delay the onset of symptoms.

Since the introduction of the antidote to the related Atrax robustus in the early 1980s, no documented deaths from bites of this species have occurred.

Systematics and taxonomy

Hadronyche formidabilis was first described in 1914 by William Joseph Rainbow as Atrax formidabilis , the type locality is the Richmond River . The name is derived from the Latin formidabilis "terrible". Within the genus Hadronyche it is next to the southern arboreal funnel web spider ( H. cerberea ), the funnel web spider of the Blue Mountains ( H. versuta ) and 12 other kinds of southern New South Wales and Victoria in the cerberea classified group of species.

The genus Hadronyche was to 1980 the dipluridae , until 2018 (since the revision by Gray 1988 in a subfamily Atracinae) the hexathelidae assigned. In 2018, Marshal Hedin and colleagues re-established the family Atracidae described earlier in a phylogenomic study; this view has prevailed.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Michael R. Gray (2010): A Revision of the Australian Funnel-web Spiders (Hexathelidae: Atracinae). Records of the Australian Museum 62: 285-392. doi: 10.3853 / j.0067-1975.62.2010.1556
  2. ↑ a b Funnel-web Spiders. Animal Factsheets, The Australian Museum , accessed June 18, 2020.
  3. ^ A b Geoffrey K. Isbister, Michael R. Gray, Corrine R Balit, Robert J. Raven, Barrie J. Stokes, Kate Porges, Alan S. Tankel, Elizabeth Turner, Julian White and Malcolm McD Fisher: Funnel-web spider bite : a systematic review of recorded clinical cases. Med J Aust 2005; 182, 8, pp. 407-411. doi: 10.5694 / j.1326-5377.2005.tb06760.x , accessed June 16, 2020
  4. ↑ Ed Nieuwenhuys: The demystification of the toxicity of spiders
  5. ^ Tobias J. Hauke, Volker Herzig Dangerous arachnids — Fake news or reality? Toxicon 138: 173-183. doi: 10.1016 / j.toxicon.2017.08.024 .
  6. ^ WJ Rainbow: Records of the Australian Museum. Article: Studies in the Australian Araneidae. No. 6. The Terretelariae v. 10 (1913-1915) page 359.Biodiversity Heritage Library, accessed June 16, 2020
  7. ↑ Keyword formidabilis in the PONS online dictionary Latin-German, PONS GmbH, Stuttgart 2001–2020, accessed on June 17, 2020.
  8. ↑ a b Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 19.5 - Hadronyche formidabilis . Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  9. ↑ Marshal Hedin, Shahan Derkarabetian, Martín J. Ramírez, Cor Vink & Jason E. Bond (2018): Phylogenomic reclassification of the world's most venomous spiders (Mygalomorphae, Atracinae), with implications for venom evolution. Scientific Reports 8, Article number: 1636. doi: 10.1038 / s41598-018-19946-2 (open acess)

Web links

Commons : Hadronyche formidabilis  - collection of images, videos and audio files