Hakka sang

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Hakka san'ge , the mountain members of the Hakka ( Chinese  客家 山歌 , Pinyin Kèjiā shāngē , Hakka : hak˥ka˦ san˦ kɔ˦ ) are among the elements that establish the Hakka culture. These are rural folk songs in the language of the Hakka people. The themes of the songs cover various aspects of life. Many are about love, but there are also songs about right behavior and funny storytelling. In the past, the songs were also a means of courtship. And they were used to communicate over longer distances in the mountainous areas. The melodies are often sung in a higher pitch, which allows the sound to spread better. The Hakka songs can be designed as improvisation, a means of communication or as a personal expression of feeling. They often contain puzzles to turn them into a game or even a competition. In this case, a challenger tries to answer the puzzle in a similar melody. Competitions are held in Meixian (Moiyen), in which singers from all over China and even from overseas take part.

九 腔 十八 調 - Nine sections, eighteen melodies

The Nine Divisions, Eighteen Melodies ( Chinese  九 腔 十八 調 , Pinyin qiu qian shi ba diao ) collection lists a whole range of songs. The "nine departments" probably refer to the different language accents that are used in southern China and are named after geographical names. The "Eighteen Melodies" refer to different keys or melodies. This creates a list that works as a memory aid . The nine departments are therefore:

  • 海 陸 腔 - Hailu (qian)
  • 四 縣 腔 - Sixian (Four Counties)
  • 饒平 腔 - Raoping
  • 陸豐 腔 - Lufeng
  • 梅州 腔 - Meizhou (Meixian)
  • 松 口腔 - Song kou
  • 廣東 腔 - Guangdong
  • 廣 南 腔 - Guangnan
  • 廣西 腔 - Guangxi

and the eighteen melodies:

  • 平板 調 - Ping ban (diao)
  • 山 歌仔 調 - Shan ge zi
  • 老 山歌 調 （南風 調） - Lao shan ge diao (Nan feng diao), Old Shange melodies, Southernmost melodies
  • 思 戀歌 調 - Si lian ge
  • 病 子 歌 調 - Bing zi ge
  • 十八 模 歌 調 - Shi ba mo ge
  • 剪 剪花 調 （十二月 古人 調） - Jin jin hua (shi er yue gu ren diao), flower cutting - 12 moons, old man
  • 初一 朝 調 - Chu yi chao
  • 桃花 開 調 - Tao hua kai, peach blossoms open - formula for marriage
  • 上山 採茶 調 - Shang shan cai cha, tea picking on the mountain
  • 瓜子仁 調 - Gua zi ren, cucumber
  • 鬧 五更 調 - Nao wu enough
  • 送 金 釵 調 - Song qin chai, Give me a gold hairpin
  • 打 海棠 調 - Da hai tong, shake Hall's apple
  • 苦力 娘 調 - Ku li niang, mother coolie
  • 洗手 巾 調 、 賣酒 調 （糶 酒） - Xian shou jin diao, Mai jiu, (Diu jiu); Towel, buy liquor
  • 桃花 過渡 調 （撐船 歌 調） - Tao hua gao du (Chang chuan ge), peach blossoms, the temperature rises (attach a boat)
  • 繡 香包 調 - Xiu xiang bao, Embroidered Pouch

Regional differences

The Hakkas refer to themselves as "mountain people" or rural people. The center of their culture is in Guangdong and Guangxi . However, through centuries of emigration, they are now spread all over Southeast Asia and make up a large part of the Chinese overseas. therefore there are also large regional differences among the Shange '. Taiwan has its own tradition (老 山歌 / 過 山 調 gao shan diao; 大門 聲 / 吊 高聲 diu gao sheng; 新民 庄 調 / 番仔 調 fan zi diao; 山歌 指 shan ge ti; 平板 調 / 改良 調 ji liang diao) and in different areas of Guangdong there are sometimes considerable linguistic differences: In Longchuan the shange are often interpreted as "quarrel songs" (斗 歌 dou ge). Meixian, however, has the greatest variety, where the songs are very often sung as duets.

literature

  • 客家 民謠 與 唱好 山歌 的 要訣 ： 林 佾 廷 校訂 、 胡泉雄 編 、 育 英 出版社 出版
  • 客家 民謠 - 九 腔 十八 調 的 研究 ： 楊兆 禎 著 、 育 英 出版社 出版
  • 臺灣 客家 民謠 薪 傳 ： 賴碧霞 編著 、 樂 韻 出版社 出版

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