Halemaʻumaʻu

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Halemaʻumaʻu crater with lava lake (2016)
Map of the summit plateau of Kīlauea with the Halemaʻumaʻu in the southwestern part of the caldera
Sulfur emissions and incandescence during the 2008 eruptions

The Halema'uma'u ([ halemaʔumaʔu ]) is a pit crater in the floor of the caldera of Kīlauea -Vulkans in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on the largest Hawaii -Insel Big Iceland .

Name and Myths

The name is derived from the word for house ( hale ) and the Hawaiian name of Sadleria - fern ( ʻāmaʻumaʻu ) and means fern house .

In the Hawaiian religion , the Halemaʻumaʻu is the seat of the volcano goddess Pele and is therefore particularly sacred.

The lava lake

Until 1924 there was an active lava lake in Halemaʻumaʻu , but it cooled down before a major eruption of the Kīlauea. In March 2008 the cooled lava broke up again after 84 years, since then a lava lake deepened in the crater floor of Halemaʻumaʻu (approx. 1000 m diameter) was continuously active until May 2018.

For security reasons it was not possible to enter the caldera of Kīlauea for a long time and the Halemaʻumaʻu could only be observed from a distance from the edge of the Kīlauea crater. The activity of the lava lake could be observed through public webcams for several years. The lava lake (approx. 250 m long and 180 m wide) was sunk into the bottom of the cylindrical Halemaʻumaʻu crater with almost vertical walls, which in turn was embedded in the bottom of the Kīlauea caldera (4000 m × 3200 m). The distance between the surface of the lava lake and the bottom of the Halemaʻumaʻu crater fluctuated between 60 m and 150 m in the last few years of its existence, as the lava lake rose and fell.

After several weeks of volcanic activity and the sinking of the lava lake, partly after explosions, a large ash cloud formed over the Halemaʻumaʻu on May 15 and 17, 2018. Subsequently, the subsidence of the caldera around the Halemaʻumaʻu crater increased it by several times its previous size.

Web links

Commons : Halemaʻumaʻu  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Journal Of William Ellis (1825)  - Sources and full texts (English)
Wikisource: Mark Twain account (1866)  - Sources and full texts (English)

Individual evidence

  1. Lt. Halemaʻumaʻu in the Geographic Names Information System of the United States Geological Survey is the Hawaiian spelling since 1999 by decision of the United States Board on Geographic Names (English) the official name
  2. Halemaʻumaʻu in Place Names of Hawaiʻi
  3. cf. ʻAmaʻu in Hawaiian Dictionaries , maʻumaʻu in Hawaiian Dictionaries
  4. maʻumaʻu in Hawaiian Dictionaries
  5. ^ William D. Westervelt: Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes . GH Ellis Press, Boston MA 1916, p. 174.
  6. Martha Beckwith: Hawaiian Mythology . Yale University Press, New Haven CT 1940, p. 205.
  7. Summary of Historical Eruptions, 1750 - Present
  8. ^ The 1924 explosions of Kilauea
  9. Halemaʻumaʻu Crater [...] is about a kilometer (0.6 miles) across , cf. November 3, 2016 - Kīlauea ( Memento from December 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  10. The lava lake is visible early in the video, with overflows onto the caldera floor on April 23, but the lake vanishes from sight in early May as pressure in the summit magma reservoir decreases. Photo & Video Chronology: July 12, 2018, Kīlauea summit activity ( Memento from July 13, 2018 in the Internet Archive )
  11. a b Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Recent Kilauea Status Reports, Updates, and Information Releases, HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY DAILY UPDATE, Saturday, September 29, 2012 7:46 AM HST (Saturday, September 29, 2012 5:46 PM UTC). ( Memento from October 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  12. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Halemaʻumaʻu Webcams. Retrieved February 6, 2014.
  13. The lava lake is about 250 m (~ 820 ft) long and 180 m (~ 590 ft) wide , cf. November 3, 2016 - Kīlauea ( Memento from December 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  14. cf. Ken Ruben: Historical Eruptions of Kilauea Volcano: Summary of Eruptions . SOEST - Hawaii Center for Volcanology. May 11, 2005. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  15. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Status Report (US Geological Survey) ( Memento from May 19, 2018 in the Internet Archive ); Ash rain on Hawaii Spiegel Online, May 17, 2018
  16. Large-scale subsidence of the caldera floor around Halema'uma'u begins at the end of May and continues to the present. The volume of Halema'uma'u is now more than seven times larger than it was before the onset of this subsidence. Photo & Video Chronology: July 12, 2018, Kīlauea summit activity ( Memento from July 13, 2018 in the Internet Archive )
  17. Changes in the caldera of Kīlauea from May 14 to July 19, 2018 (Planet Labs Inc.)

Coordinates: 19 ° 24 '36 "  N , 155 ° 17' 11"  W.