Haripunjaya

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Location of Haripuñjaya
Zones of influence in Southeast Asia in the 11th century: Haripuñjaya in the north (green).

Haripuñjaya ( Thai : หริ ภุ ญ ไชย , Hariphunchai ; Pali : Haribhuñjaya ; also written Haripunchai ) was a Mon kingdom from the 8th or 9th to 13th centuries in what is now northern Thailand . The empire is named after the city of the same name, which is now called Lamphun .

Haripuñjaya was besieged and captured by the troops of the Tai king Mangrai at the end of the 13th century and added to his kingdom Lan Na .

founding

The legendary early history of Haripuñjaya can be found under Chamadevi .

According to the Chronicles of Chamadevivamsa and Jinakalamali , the city was founded in 661 by a hermit named Suthep. According to the chronicles, the Mon ruler in the Lop Buri area sent his daughter Chamadevi here to become the first queen. However, these dates are considered too early, the real beginning of the kingdom is closer to the middle of the 8th century. At that time the largest area of ​​what is now central Thailand was in the hands of a few Mon kingdoms, which are grouped together as Dvaravati .

According to legendary records, Queen Chamadevi gave birth to twins, the firstborn succeeded her to the throne, while the other became ruler in neighboring Lampang .

The oldest surviving inscriptions of the Mon in the area of ​​Haripuñjaya date from the early 11th century. They are similar in language and writing to those of the Mon in Unterirma ( Pegu and Thaton ), but not those in central Thailand (Dvaravati).

Rise and fall

Suwanna chedi of Wat Phra That Hariphunchai

It is possible that Haripuñjaya's population fled to the Mon states of Pegu and Thaton in the 11th century after an epidemic. There they learned about Theravada Buddhism, which they brought with them when they returned to Haripuñjaya. The chronicles report that the Khmer Haripuñjaya besieged several times unsuccessfully during the 11th century. These accounts may refer to legends , but the fact is that other Mon kingdoms actually fell to the Khmer at that time. Haripuñjaya supported the Mon states of the Dvaravati network in what is now central Thailand against the expansion of the Khmer in the 11th and 12th centuries. The chedi of Wat Chamadevi in today's Lamphun is said to commemorate a victory of the Mon states over the Khmer. The then king Ādittarāja (Athittarat) is said to have also built the chedi (stupa) of Wat Phra That Hariphunchai in 1150 . It is said to contain a relic of the Buddha, which Ādittarāja supposedly discovered.

Based on Theravada Buddhism, Haripuñjaya became the first state in what is now northern Thailand to go beyond a mere small-scale tribal rule. It extended its influence from the city of Haripuñjaya far south into the plains of the Mae Nam Ping (Ping River) . In the middle of the 13th century, Haripuñjaya clearly dominated the area of ​​what is now northern Thailand, politically, economically and culturally. Its capital was a major center of trade between China and Southeast Asia and perhaps the most important hub on the trade route from Yunnan to the Gulf of Thailand and the Gulf of Martaban .

Although it was ruled by Mon kings and Mon and the Lawa related to them probably also made up the majority of the population, Haripuñjaya was not an ethnically homogeneous state. The chronicle mentions a Thai village as early as 1147 and in the 13th century are also documented among the elite of the Thai state. In 1257 the Tai-born governor of the city of Khelang Nakhon (today Lampang ) rebelled and for a short time even brought the capital Haripuñjaya under his control.

The Thai prince Mangrai from Ngoen Yang in the far north of today's Thailand, who founded Chiang Rai and made it his capital, conquered Haripuñjaya in 1281/82 or 1292/93. The year varies in different chronicles, but 1292/93 is considered more likely. Haripuñjaya was not taken by the military superiority of Mangrai's troops. According to the Chronicle of Chiang Mai, Ai Fa, a Mangrai's adjutant, went to Haripuñjaya and became King Yiba's closest confidante. In fact, his intention was to weaken the empire through cunning and betrayal. In the name of the king he ordered the installation of a sophisticated irrigation system and obliged the population to do forced labor. The resentment caused by this weakened Haripuñjaya and made the conquest by Mangrai possible. He added the state to his newly founded kingdom Lan Na , the capital of which he soon made Chiang Mai and which expanded its influence over all of northern Thailand and beyond. Haripuñjaya was not only annexed by Lan Na, its traditions in many ways lived on in Lan Na. The Lanna script was developed from the Mon script by Haripuñjaya. The Buddhist and artistic traditions of Haripuñjaya were also continued and developed in Lan Na, particularly in architecture and sculpture.

Legendary rulers of Haripuñjaya

  1. Chamadevi (queen)
  2. Hanayos
  3. Kumancharat
  4. Rudantra
  5. Sonamanchusaka
  6. Samsara
  7. Padumarate
  8. Kusadeva
  9. Nokarat
  10. Dasarat
  11. Gutta
  12. Sera
  13. Yuvarat
  14. Brahmtarayo
  15. Muksa
  16. Traphaka
  17. Uchitachakraphad (King of Lavo, i.e. Lopburi)
  18. Kampol
  19. Chakaphadirat (King of Atikuyaburi)
  20. Vasudev
  21. Yeyyala
  22. Maharat (King of Lampang)
  23. Sela
  24. Kanchana
  25. Chilanka
  26. Phunthula
  27. Ditta
  28. Chettharat
  29. Cheyakarat
  30. Phaticharat
  31. Thamikarat
  32. Ratharat
  33. Saphasite
  34. Chettharat
  35. Jeyakarat
  36. Datvanyarat
  37. Ganga
  38. Siribun
  39. Uthen
  40. Phanton
  41. Atana
  42. Havam
  43. Trangal
  44. Yotta
  45. Yip

literature

  • Robert L. Brown: The Dvāravatī Wheels of the Law and the Indianization of South East Asia. Brill, Leiden 1996, ISBN 90-04-10435-6 .
  • Bodhiraṃsi: The Legend of Queen Cāma. Bodhiraṃsi's Cāmadevīvaṃsa , a Translation and Commentary. Edited by Donald K. Swearer and Sommai Premchit. State University of New York Press, Albany 1998, ISBN 0-7914-3775-2 .
  • Volker Grabowsky : Population and State in Lan Na. A contribution to the population history of Southeast Asia. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 3-447-05111-6 , pp. 73-85. (Chapter 4.2. "Hariphunchai: Mon and Lua in the southwest")
  • Volker Grabowsky: Small history of Thailand. CH Beck, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-60129-3 , pp. 62-64. (Section "From Hariphunchai to Chiang Mai")

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ So z. B. in Robert L. Brown: The Dvāravatī Wheels of the Law and the Indianization of South East Asia. Brill, Leiden 1996; Donald K. Swearer, Sommai Premchit (Ed.): The Legend of Queen Cāma. Bodhiraṃsi's Cāmadevīvaṃsa , a Translation and Commentary. State University of New York Press, Albany 1998; David K. Wyatt: Thailand. A short history. 2nd edition, Silkworm Press, Chiang Mai 2004;
  2. ↑ Swearer, Sommai: The Legend of Queen Cāma. 1998, p. Xxv.
  3. ↑ a b c Grabowsky: Brief history of Thailand. 2010, p. 62.
  4. ↑ a b Grabowsky: Brief history of Thailand. 2010, p. 63.
  5. ^ Grabowsky: Brief history of Thailand. 2010, pp. 63-64.
  6. ^ Grabowsky: Population and State in Lan Na. 2004, pp. 81-82.
  7. ↑ Patit Paban Mishra: The History of Thailand. Greenwood, 2010, p. 40.
  8. ↑ Sarassawadee Ongsakul: History of Lan Na. Silkworm Books, Chiang Mai 2005, ISBN 974-9575-84-9 , p. 57.
  9. ↑ Carol Stratton: Buddhist Sculpture of Northern Thailand. Silkworm Books, Chiang Mai 2004, pp. 129, 368.