Helicopsis

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Helicopsis
Helicopsis striata from Lower Austria

Helicopsis striata from Lower Austria

Systematics
Subordination : Helicina
Superfamily : Helicoidea
Family : Geomitridae
Subfamily : Helicellinae
Tribe : Helicopsini
Genre : Helicopsis
Scientific name
Helicopsis
Fitzinger , 1833

The genus Helicopsis , even heath snails , belongs to the family of Geomitridae in the order of terrestrial snails (gastropod). The species of the genus Helicopsis are small land snails, which - as far as is known - mainly feed on dead plants, lichens and the like.

features

The right-hand wound cases are 4.5 to 11 mm high and 7 to 18 mm wide (= diameter). They are pressed-round, conical-round to almost flat and have 4.5 to 6 convex turns. The shape of the last turn can differ from the previous turns. They are predominantly whitish or with some, differently formed, dark bands. The embryonic shell, on the other hand, is black or dark brown and smooth. The postembryonic convolutions are almost smooth, slightly striped or slightly ribbed. The mouth is approximately round and is only slightly oblique to the axis of the coil. The navel can be narrow to wide.

The hermaphroditic duct from the sex gland is simple in the genital apparatus. The penis is thick with an epiphallus and a flagellum. The transition from the epiphallus and flagellum is marked by the entry of the vas deferens. The spermatic duct is connected to the penis and epiphallus by a membrane. The flagellum is about 2 to 4 times shorter than the epiphallus. The inside of the (inverted) penis has a rod-shaped, conical structure ("Verge"). The free fallopian tube is 2 to 3 times shorter than the vagina. The vagina has distinct, elongated folds on the inside. The 2 to 4 mucous glands attached to the vagina each consist of 1 to 4 arms. The stem of the seminal vesicle is cylindrical, the comparatively large seminal vesicle rests on the ovule. There are four arrow sacks, each arranged in pairs, but two of them, the two outer, mostly much larger arrow sacks, contain love arrows.

Geographical distribution

The species of the genus Helicopsis occur from Northern Europe , Central Europe, Southern Europe over the Balkans to Asia Minor and the Middle East to Iran .

Habitats and biology

The German name Heideschnecke already indicates the occurrence in mostly dry habitats such as steppes or dry grasslands. In Central and Northern Europe, many of the deposits are relics from the last Ice Age, when steppe vegetation predominated here.

Taxonomy

Many of the species are outwardly very similar and often cannot be reliably differentiated from one another (or even from species from other genera such as Trochoidea ) on the basis of their housing . A reliable differentiation can only be made on the basis of anatomical features or sequencing of the DNA. Comprehensive, current processing of the genus including anatomical features, DNA sequencing or mtRNA investigations is not yet available.

Currently, the genus Helicopsis includes the following species:

The position of the genre is or was controversial. Alfred Zilch placed it in the subfamily Helicellinae within the family Hygromiidae, then it was transferred to the subfamily Hygromiinae. Schileyko downgraded the Helicellinae to the rank of a tribe and places the tribe Helicellini in the subfamily Trochulinae within the family Hygromiidae. Bouchet & Rocroi represent the tribe Helicellini in the subfamily Hygromiinae, family Hygromiidae. They do not indicate any genera. CLECOM places the genus Helicopsis in the tribe Trochulini (subfamily Hygromiinae). The fauna Europaea uses the tribe name Trichiini instead of the name Trochulini. The name Trichiini is invalid because the type genus is a younger homonym. An application for the preservation of the name with simultaneous emendation to Trichianae was rejected by the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature. Currently the genus Helicopsis is again placed in the subfamily taxon Helicellinae, here tribe Helicopsini; the subfamily Helicellinae is now placed in the family Geomitridae.

supporting documents

literature

  • Anatolij A. Schileyko: Treatise on Recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs, Part 14 Helicodontidae, Ciliellidae, Hygromiidae. Ruthenica, Supplement 2 (14): 1907-2047, Moscow 2006 ISSN  0136-0027 (publication date corr. In vol. 15, p. 2115)
  • Adolf Zilch: Gastropoda. Part 2: Euthyneura. In: Handbuch der Paläozoologie , Volume 6, 1960, pp. 1–834, Berlin, Verlag von Gebrüder Borntraeger (p. 671)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Fitzinger LI (1833). "Systematic list of the molluscs occurring in the Archduchy of Austria, as a prodrome of a fauna of the same". Contributions to regional studies of Austria under the Enns 3 : 88–122. Vienna. page 101 .
  2. ^ "Genus summary for Helicopsis " . AnimalBase, last update April 7, 2008, as of April 12, 2013.
  3. ↑ Hausdorf, B. 1996. Helicopsis aelleni n. Sp. from northern Iran, with remarks on Helicopsis Fitzinger 1833 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae). - Archives for Molluscology 126 (1/2): 65-71.
  4. ↑ Hausdorf, B. Correcting the nomenclature of two Helix dejecta : Helicopsis arenosa (Krynicki, 1836) (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae) from Eastern Europe and Streptartemon dejectus (Moricand, 1836) (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa, 3637: 498-500 PDF
  5. ↑ Bielz, M. 1851. Directory of the land and freshwater mollusks of Transylvania. - Negotiations and communications of the Transylvanian Society for Natural Sciences in Sibiu 2: 14-16, 55-59, 62-65.
  6. ↑ Helicopsis conopsis in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.2. Listed by: Seddon, MB, 1996. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  7. ^ Westerlund, CA 1889. Fauna of the inland Conchylia living in the Palearctic region (Europe, Caucasia, Siberia, Turan, Persia, Kurdistan, Armenia, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Syria, Arabia, Egypt, Tripoli, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco). II. Gen. Helix. - pp. 1-473, 1-31, 1-8. Berlin. (Friedländer).
  8. ^ Pintér, L. 1969. New mollusks from Bulgaria (Gastropoda: Helicidae). - Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 15 (1/2): 91-96. Budapest.
  9. ↑ Krynicki, J. 1833. Novæ species aut minus cognitæ e chondri, bulimi, peristomæ helicisque generibus præcipue Rossiæ meridionalis. - Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 6: 391-436. Moscou [Moskva].
  10. ↑ Hausdorf, B. 1990. The Xeromunda species of mainland Greece (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae). - Archives for Molluscology 119 (4/6): 107-131, Plates 1–2.
  11. ^ Rossmässler, EA 1838-1844. Iconography of land and freshwater mollusks, with particular emphasis on European species not yet shown. (1) 2. - pp. Issue 7/8: [1-4], 1-44, Issue 9/10: [1-4], 1-66, Issue 11: [1-4], 1-15, Issue 12: [1-4 ], 1-37, Pl. 31-60. Dresden, Leipzig. (Arnold).
  12. ↑ Lindholm, WA 1936. A new Helicella (Helicidae, Gastropoda) from the Crimea, together with notes on the ecology of some land snails. - Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR 3: 439-442. Leningrad.
  13. ↑ Clessin, p. 1883. Appendix on the mollusc fauna of the Crimea. - Malakozoologische Blätter (New Series) 6: 37-52, Plates II-III [= 2-3].
  14. ^ "Species in genus Helicopsis " (n = 13). AnimalBase, as of April 12, 2013.
  15. ↑ Naegele, G. 1903. Some from the Middle East. - Newsletter of the German Malacoological Society 35 (11/12): 168-177. Frankfurt am Main.
  16. ↑ Holten, HS 1802. Enumeratio systematica conchyliorum JH Chemnitzii. - pp. I-VI [= 1-6], 1-88. Havniæ.
  17. ↑ Checklist of European Continental Mollusca (CLECOM) complete list
  18. ^ Fauna Europaea: Helicopsis Fitzinger 1833
  19. ↑ (Case 2926). Trichia Hartmann, 1840 (Mollusca, Gastropoda): Proposed Conservation; And Trichiinae Lozek, 1956 (Gastropoda): Proposed Emendation Of Spelling To Trichiainae, So Removing The Homonymy With Trichiidae Fleming, 1821 (Insecta, Coleoptera) Not Approved. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 61: 177-181, 2004 Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org
  20. ^ MolluscaBase: Helicopsis Fitzinger, 1833

annotation

  1. ↑ The German trivial name is ambiguous, as the subfamily / Tribus Helicellinae / Helicellini used to be called heather snails. The species of the genera Helicella and Xerocrassa are also known as heather snails.

Web links

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