Duchy of Amalfi

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Italy and the Duchy of Amalfi (a small state in light yellow), at the end of the 10th century.
Amalfi Cathedral Square (painting from 1859)

The Republic or Duchy of Amalfi was a de facto independent state in southern Italy with the city of Amalfi as its center in the 10th and 11th centuries . It was a maritime republic . The city and the surrounding area were originally part of the larger Ducatus Neapolitanus , who was under a Patricius , but was able to break away from Byzantine suzerainty. A first duke was elected in 958. Amalfi then became an economic power, whose merchants dominated trade in Italy and around the Mediterranean for a century before they were overtaken by competition from, for example, the city-states of Pisa and Genoa . In 1073 Amalfi lost its independence and fell to the Normans . Robert Guiskard took on the title dux Amalfitanorum . Two uprisings to regain independence (1096–1101) and (1130–1131) failed. The great times of Amalfi ended with the sacking of the city by Pisa in 1135 and 1137.

Lords of Amalfi

Prefects

  • Marinus, 839-860
  • Segius, 860
  • Maurus, 860
  • Marinus, 2nd time, 866 - around 870
  • Pulcharius, 866-879
  • Stephen 879–898, son-in-law of Marinus, brother-in-law of Pulcharius
  • Manso 898-914

Patricii

  • Mastalus, son of Manso, 914-953
    • Leo, 920-931
    • John, 939-947
  • Mastalus II., Son of Mastalus I, 953–957

Dukes

  • Mastalus II, 957-958 as Duke
  • Sergius I. (II.)., 958-966, Usurper
  • Manso I. (II)., His son, 966–1004, also Prince of Salerno (981–983)
    • Adelfer, brother of Manso, 984–986 counter-duke
  • John I (II.), Son of Manso, 1004–1007, also Duke of Salerno (981–983)
  • Sergius II. (III.), Son of John, 1007-1028
  • Manso II. (III.) The blind, 2nd son of Sergius II., 1028-1029, together with
    • Mary of Capua, his mother, 1028-1029
  • John II (III.), Son of Sergius II, 1029-1034
  • Manso II. (III.), 1034-1038, 2nd time, again with Maria
  • John II. (III.), 1038-1039, 2nd time, again with Mary
  • Waimar IV of Salerno, 1039-1052, also Duke of Salerno 1027-1052
    • Manso II. (III.), 1043-1052, 3rd time
    • Waimar II, 1047-1052, his son, co-regent
  • John II (III), 1052-1069, 3rd time
  • Sergius III. (IV.), Son of John II., 1069-1073
  • John III (IV.), Son of Sergius III., 1073
  • Robert Guiskard , from 1073
  • Guido, his son, † 1107
  • Gisulf II of Salerno, 1088-1089, Prince of Salerno 1052-1078, counter-duke
  • Marinus Sebastus of Amalfi, 1096–1100, anti-duke

Neapolitan dukes

  • Venceslao Sanseverino, 3rd Conte di Tricario e Chiaromonte, 1st Duca di Venosa, 1398 Duca di Amalfi;
  • Giordano Colonna, 1405 Duca di Amalfi
  • Raimondo del Balzo Orsini , 1438 Duca di Amalfi, Prince of Salerno , † 1459

1461–1583 the Duchy of Amalfi was in the hands of the Piccolomini family:

  • Antonio Todeschini Piccolomini, 1461 1. Duca di Amalfi, brother of Pope Pius III. ; ∞ Maria d'Aragona, illegitimate daughter of King Ferdinand I of Naples
  • Alfonso I. Piccolomini, † 1498, their son, Duke of Amalfi
  • Alfonso II. Piccolomini, † 1584, his son, Duke of Amalfi
  • Cesare I. Gonzaga (1536–1575), Count of Gustalla, Duke of Amalfi
  • Ferrante II Gonzaga (1563-1630), his son, Count, later Duke of Guastalla, Duke of Amalfi
  • Octavio Piccolomini (1599–1656), 1650 Imperial Prince, Duke of Amalfi
  • Enea Silvio Piccolomini , († 1673), 1656 Imperial Prince, Duke of Amalfi
  • Antonio de Zayas y Beaumont, Duque de Amalfi (19th century)

literature

  • Patricia Skinner : Family Power in Southern Italy: The Duchy of Gaeta and its Neighbors, 850-1139 . Cambridge University Press: 1995.
  • John Julius Norwich : The Normans in the South 1016-1130 . London: Longmans, 1967.
  • John Julius Norwich: The Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194 . London: Longmans, 1970.
  • Edmund Curtis: Roger of Sicily and the Normans in Lower Italy 1016-1154 . New York: GP Putnam's Sons, 1912.
  • Donald Matthew: The Norman Kingdom of Sicily (Cambridge Medieval Textbooks) . Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  • Hubert Houben : Roger II of Sicily: Ruler between East and West . Cambridge University Press, 2002. German edition Darmstadt 1997, Italian edition Bari 1999.
  • Ferdinand Chalandon : Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile . Paris, 1907.