Auxiliary school
Aid school is a name that is no longer used today for independent special education or curative education schools in the German-speaking area. On the basis of compulsory schooling , they taught children who, for various reasons, were considered to be incapable of attending primary school. The concept was aimed at pupils who were later referred to as learning disabled or learning disabled , less towards the mentally disabled and not towards the sensory or sensory impaired. The auxiliary school comparable institutions in Germany today special schools for the learning disabled and Austria General special schools called.
history
Schools for the senses, especially the hearing and visually impaired, had existed since the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century. In the course of the 19th century, more and more so-called “idiots' institutions” came into being, which took in mentally handicapped children who were believed to be incapable of education. Occasionally, however, educational institutions for the mentally handicapped (“feeble and nonsense”) were founded, for example in Hubertusburg in 1846 . With the increasing enforcement of compulsory schooling and the increasing demands on elementary school instruction, however, there were more and more school failures who were considered unfit for elementary school for various reasons. In the course of the 19th century, auxiliary classes or “tutoring classes” were set up for these children in several places in Germany, which were attached to a regular elementary school. A separate school type for so-called “weakly gifted” children did not initially exist, however, in a spatially and institutionally separate manner.
Heinrich Ernst Stötzner , a teacher who initially worked at the Hubertusburg “Educational Institution for Weak and Stupid Children” and later at an institution for the deaf and dumb in Leipzig, called for independent “schools for weakly gifted children” as early as 1864. This type of school should be aimed less at the mentally handicapped than at those children who “stand in the middle between normally educated and stupid children”. According to Sieglind Ellger Rüttgard, what was meant by this was “children with slightly intellectual disabilities”, not so much school failures. However, the Braunschweig auxiliary school class, which Heinrich Kielhorn established from 1881 onwards , had a greater influence on the emerging auxiliary school system - in particular because Kielhorn was one of the initiators of the Association of German Aid Schools in 1898 .
Towards the end of the 19th century, more and more auxiliary schools were founded in Germany and Austria. Their number, as well as the number of students taught there, has grown enormously since 1900. In 1905 there were 700 auxiliary school classes with 15,000 pupils in 143 cities of the German Reich; in 1912 there were already 285 cities, 1,700 classes and 39,000 children.
literature
- Sieglind Ellger-Rüttgardt : History of the special educational institutions . In: Klaus Harney, Heinz-Hermann Krüger (Hrsg.): Introduction to the history of educational science and educational reality . 3rd, expanded and updated edition. Barbara Budrich, Opladen and Farmington Hills 2006, pp. 269-290.
- Gerhard Heese: Special schools . In: Hans-Hermann Groothoff (Ed.): The Fischer Lexicon Pedagogy . New edition. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1973, pp. 277-284.
- Auxiliary school . In: Winfried Böhm, Sabine Seichter: Dictionary of Pedagogy . 17th edition. UTB, Stuttgart 2018, p. 216.
- Herwig Baier: The German Aid School in the Bohemian Countries: An exemplary example of school policy. In: Bohemia , 17th vol. (1996), pp. 391-401.
Individual evidence
- ^ Heinrich Stötzner: Schools for weakly gifted children. First draft to justify the same. Winter, Leipzig 1864.
- ↑ Quoted from Sieglind Ellger-Rüttgardt : History of Special Education. An introduction . Reinhardt, Munich and Basel 2008, p. 154.
- ^ Gerhard Heese: Sonderschulen , p. 279.