Histomonas meleagridis

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Histomonas meleagridis
Systematics
without rank: Eukaryota
Class : Parabasalia
Order : Trichomonadida
Family : Monocercomonadidae
Genre : Histomonas
Type : Histomonas meleagridis
Scientific name
Histomonas meleagridis
( Smith , 1895)

Histomonas meleagridis is a single-celled flagellar which has an amoeboid shape and which, as a parasite , attacksmainly chickens and turkeys , but also a large number of other birds. In these cases, the parasite can cause an infectious bowel disease called histomoniasis , also known as black head disease . This is often fatal, especially with turkeys. After infection, the pathogen is mainly found in the lumen of the appendix and in the parenchyma of the liver, where the parasite infestationcausesextensive necrosis . The exact route of transmission is still not finally clear. Some studies have reported transmission through eggs of the nematode Heterakis gallinarum , which is itself a parasite. Other authors reported a possible cyst stage.

features

H. meleagridis is a microscopic pleomorphic unicellular organism and can occur in two forms, amoeboid and flagellated. The amoeboid form occurs within tissues, while the flagellated form is found in the lumen, but also in cell culture . The diameter of the amoeboid form is typically 8-15  μm . The flagellated form can reach up to 10-30 μm in diameter. The flagellum has the classic 9x2 + 2 structure.

Histomonads do not have mitochondria but hydrogenosomes , which as organelles are responsible for generating energy. The nutrition takes place with the help of food vacuoles and phagocytosis. The cytosol of histomonads can contain a high number of glycogen particles, which serve as storage material.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ EE Tyzzer: The Flagellate Character and Reclassification of the Parasite Producing "Blackhead" in Turkeys: Histomonas (Gen. nov.) Meleagridis (Smith) . In: The Journal of Parasitology . tape 6 , no. 3 , 1920, p. 124-131 , doi : 10.2307 / 3271065 , JSTOR : 3271065 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g M. Mielewczik, H. Mehlhorn, S. Al-Quraishy, ​​E. Grabensteiner, M. Hess: Transmission electron microscopic studies of stages of Histomonas meleagridis from clonal cultures . In: Parasitology Research . tape 103 , no. 4 , September 1, 2008, ISSN  0932-0113 , p. 745 , doi : 10.1007 / s00436-008-1009-1 ( springer.com [accessed May 5, 2018]).
  3. ↑ Theobald Smith: Amoeba meleagridis . In: Science . tape 32 , no. 824 , 1910, pp. 509-512 , JSTOR : 1635371 .
  4. ^ LR McDougald: Blackhead Disease (Histomoniasis) in Poultry: A Critical Review . In: Avian Diseases . tape 49 , no. 4 , December 1, 2005, ISSN  0005-2086 , p. 462-476 , doi : 10.1637 / 7420-081005R.1 .
  5. ↑ Everett E. Lund, Everett E. Wehr, David J. Ellis: Earthworm Transmission of Heterakis and Histomonas to Turkeys and Chickens . In: The Journal of Parasitology . tape 52 , no. 5 , 1966, pp. 899-902 , doi : 10.2307 / 3276528 , JSTOR : 3276528 .
  6. ^ Theobald Smith, HW Graybill: BLACKHEAD IN CHICKENS AND ITS EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION BY FEEDING EMBRYONATED EGGS OF HETERAKIS PAPILLOSA . In: Journal of Experimental Medicine . tape 32 , no. 2 , August 1, 1920, ISSN  0022-1007 , p. 143–152 , doi : 10.1084 / jem.32.2.143 , PMID 19868435 ( rupress.org [accessed May 5, 2018]).
  7. ^ A b Mareike Munsch, Abdulrahman Lotfi, Hafez Mohammed Hafez, Saleh Al-Quraishy, ​​H. Mehlhorn: Light and transmission electron microscopic studies on trophozoites and cyst-like stages of Histomonas meleagridis from cultures . In: Parasitology Research . tape 104 , no. 3 , February 1, 2009, ISSN  0932-0113 , p. 683 , doi : 10.1007 / s00436-008-1246-3 ( springer.com [accessed May 5, 2018]).
  8. ↑ a b H. J. Griffiths: A Handbook of Veterinary Parasitology: Domestic Animals of North America . University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 1978, ISBN 0-8166-0828-8 , pp. 23-25.
  9. ^ A b D. L. Lee, PL Long, BJ Millard, J. Bradley: The fine structure and method of feeding of the tissue parasitizing stages of Histomonas meleagridis . In: Parasitology . tape 59 , no. 1 , February 1969, ISSN  1469-8161 , p. 171–184 , doi : 10.1017 / S0031182000069924 ( cambridge.org [accessed May 5, 2018]).