Holocrinus
Holocrinus | ||||||||||||
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Olenekian , Triassic to Ladinian , Triassic | ||||||||||||
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Holocrinus | ||||||||||||
Wachsmuth & Springer , 1886 | ||||||||||||
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Holocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer , 1886, is a genus of theorder Holocrinida Jaekel belongingto the tribe of echinoderms (Echinodermata Bruguière , 1791 [ex Klein , 1734]), the class of sea lilies (Crinoidea Miller , 1821) and the subclass Articulata Zittel , 1879, 1918. the occurrence of the genus Holocrinus is far from Olenekian up to and including Ladinian occupied by Europe, Asia and North America.
Taxonomy
Genus Holocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer , 1886
- Type species : Encrinus beyrichi Picard , 1883
description
Seen from the outside, the chalice consists of two basal wreaths, the upper one being comparatively high and both being very thickened towards the inside. This is followed by a radial rim over which the cup is constricted. The arms are single-line. The nodal links in the handle carry two to five cirrus, which were used for anchoring and probably also for breathing. The calyx ceiling consists of larger plates in the center and smaller plates on the periphery, some of which are granular.
Way of life
Unlike many other sea lilies (Encrinida), holocrinids were not attached to the sea floor with an adhesive disk, but could actively cling to the ground or to byssus-bearing mussels with their cirrus, but they could also loosen this anchorage and change their place of residence independently. According to Tomasz Baumiller and Hans Hagdorn (1995), the Holocrinids, like their descendants, the Isocrinids still living in the deep sea, had predetermined breaking points in their stems under the nodal links, at which the stalk could be thrown off in such a way that the animal with its terminal cirrus wreath came to rest could easily anchor again.
species
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Holocrinus acutangulus ( von Meyer , 1847)
- First description:
- * Chelocrinus? Acutangulus - von Meyer, 1847, p. 576
- Chelocrinus? Acutangulus - von Meyer, 1849, pp. 272-275, panel XXXII, figs. 17-18, 21-26
- Stratigraphic occurrence: Lower Muschelkalk, Central Europe
- Temporal classification: Early anisium
- Material: stems, cirrus, goblets, brute
- First description:
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Holocrinus beyrichi ( Picard , 1883)
- First description:
- * Encrinus Beyrichi - Picard, 1883, p. 199, plate IX
- Stratigraphic occurrence: Lower Muschelkalk, Germany
- Temporal classification: Medium anisium
- Material: complete copies
- First description:
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Holocrinus cisnerosi Schmidt , 1935
- First description:
- * Pentacrinus (Holocrinus?) Cisnerosi n. Sp. - Schmidt, 1935, pp. 35-38, Fig. 2 (32) and Plate III, Fig. 16
- Stratigraphic occurrence: Muschelkalk, Spain
- Temporal classification: Ladinium
- Material: stems, cirrus
- First description:
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Holocrinus doreckae Hagdorn , 1983
- First description:
- * Holocrinus doreckae n. Sp. - Hagdorn, 1983, p. 354 and p. 355, fig. 4, A-M
- Stratigraphic occurrence: Upper Muschelkalk, Germany
- Temporal classification: Late anisium
- Material: stems, cirrus
- First description:
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Holocrinus dubius ( Goldfuss , 1831)
- First description:
- * Pentacrinites dubius - Goldfuss, 1831, p. 176, plate 53, fig. 6
- Stratigraphic occurrence: Lower Muschelkalk, Central Europe
- Temporal classification: Middle to Late Anisium
- Material: complete copies
- First description:
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Holocrinus meyeri Hagdorn & Gluchowski , 1993
- First description:
- * Holocrinus meyeri n. Sp. - Hagdorn and Gluchowski, 1993, p. 174, Fig. 12, Fig. 1
- Stratigraphic occurrence: Lower and Middle Muschelkalk, Poland
- Temporal classification: Late anisium
- Material: stems, cirrus, chalice, brute
- First description:
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Holocrinus smithi ( Clark , 1915)
- First description:
- * Isocrinus smithi n. Sp. - Clark, 1915, p. 21, panel 1, figures 1a and 1b
- Stratigraphic occurrence: Virgin Limestone, Thaynes Formation, western North America
- Temporal classification: Olenekium, Spathium
- Material: stems, cirrus
- First description:
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Holocrinus wagneri ( Benecke , 1887)
- First description:
- Encrinus gracilis from Buch - Wagner, 1887, pp. 6-26, panel I, panel II, fig. 1-113
- * Encrinus Wagneri - Benecke, 1887, p. 378
- Stratigraphic occurrence: Lower Muschelkalk, Germany
- Temporal classification: Early anisium
- Material: complete copies
- First description:
literature
- Tomasz Baumiller & Hans Hagdorn : Taphonomy as a guide to functional morphology of Holocrinus, the first post-Paleozoic crinoid . In: Lethaia, 28 :, 1995, pp. 221-228
- William Bullock Clark : The Mesozoic Echinodermata. In: William Bullock Clark and Mayville William Twitchell: The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey 54, 1915, p. 21 ( digitized version ), panel 1, Fig. 1a and 1b ( digitized version )
- Georg August Goldfuß : Petrefacta Germaniae. Vol. 1. Echinodermata. Düsseldorf 1831, p. 176 ( digitized version ) and plate 53 ( digitized version )
- Hans Hagdorn: Holocrinus doreckae n. Sp. from the Upper Muschelkalk and the development of predetermined breaking points in the stalk of the Isocrinida . In: New year book for geology and palaeontology, monthly books, Stuttgart 1983, pp. 345–368
- Hans Hagdorn & Edward Głuchowski: Palaeobiogeography and stratigraphy of Muschelkalk echinoderms (Crinoidea, Echinoidea) in Upper Silesia. In: Hans Hagdorn & Adolf Seilacher (ed.): Muschelkalk. Schöntaler Symposium 1991. Goldschneck, Stuttgart 1993, pp. 165-176
- Hans Hagdorn: Triassic: the crucial period of post-Palaeozoic crinoid diversification . In: Swiss J. Palaeontol., 130, 2011, pp. 91-112
- Ernst Wilhelm Benecke : R. Wagner: The encrinites of the lower shell limestone of Jena . In: New Yearbook for Mineralogy, Geology and Palaeontology, 1887, Volume I, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagshandlung (E. Koch), Stuttgart 1887, p. 378 ( digitized version )
- Otto Jaekel : About Holocrinus W. and SP. from the lower shell limestone . In: Meeting reports of the Society of Friends of Natural Sciences in Berlin, 8, Berlin 1893, pp. 201–206 ( digitized version )
- Otto Jaekel: Phylogeny and system of the pelmatozoa. In: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 3, 1918, pp. 1–128
- Hermann von Meyer : Messages addressed to Prof. Bronn. Frankfurt am Main, June 18, 1847. In: New yearbook for mineralogy, geognosy, geology and petrefacts customer, 1847, pp. 572-580 ( digitized version )
- Hermann von Meyer: Pentagonal limbs from the Muschelkalk zu Chorzow . In: fish, crustaceans, echinoderms and other fossils from the shell limestone of Upper Silesia . Palaeontographica 1, 1849, pp. 272–275 ( digitized version ), plate 32 ( digitized version )
- Karl Picard : About a new type of crinoid from the shell limestone of the Hainleite near Sondershausen. In: Journal of the German Geological Society. 35, 1883, pp. 199-202 and Plate IX
- Mariusz Salomon, Babak Aghababalou, Przemysław Gorzelak and Robert Niedzwiedzki: Intriguing crinoid remains from the Rhaetian of Iran and their possible implications for the mid-Carnian crinoid extinction event . In: Geobios, 45, 2012, pp. 479-484
- Martin Schmidt : The living world of our triad . Hohenlohesche Buchhandlung Ferdinand Rau, Öhringen 1928, pp. 124–127
- Martin Schmidt: Fossils of the Spanish Triassic. With a contribution by J. von Pia. In: Treatises of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences, mathematical-natural science class, 22, Heidelberg 1935
- Charles Wachsmuth & Frank Springer : Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea, Part III, Section II, Suborder Articulata . Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1886, Philadelphia 1887, p. 139
- Richard Wagner : The encrinites of the lower shell limestone of Jena . In: Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaften, 20, Jena 1887, pp. 1–32 ( digitized version ), 2 tables ( digitized version )
- Richard Wagner: About Encrinus Wagneri BEN. from the lower shell limestone of Jena. In: Journal of the German Geological Society, XXXIX, Berlin 1887, pp. 822–828 ( digitized version )